فرگشت فرهنگی

چارلز داروین

تکامل یا فرگشت فرهنگی (به انگلیسی:Cultural evolution) یک نظریه تکاملی دربارهٔ دگرگونی اجتماعی است. تکامل فرهنگ از تعریف فرهنگ نشات گرفته‌است. فرهنگ «اطلاعاتی که می‌توانند بر رفتار افراد تأثیر بگذارند تعریف می‌شود. این اطلاعات از طریق آموزش، تقلید و سایر اشکال انتقال اجتماعی از سایر اعضای همنوع انسان به دست می‌آید». تکامل فرهنگی تغییر این اطلاعات در طول زمان است.

تکامل فرهنگی، که از لحاظ تاریخی به عنوان تکامل اجتماعی-فرهنگی نیز شناخته می‌شود، در ابتدا در قرن نوزدهم توسط انسان‌شناسانی برخاست که از تحقیقات چارلز داروین در مورد تکامل تأثیر پذیرفته بودند. امروزه، تکامل فرهنگی به پایه و اساس یک زمینه رو به رشد تحقیقات علمی در علوم اجتماعی، از جمله انسان‌شناسی، اقتصاد، روان‌شناسی و مطالعات سازمانی تبدیل شده‌است. قبلاً اعتقاد بر این بود که تغییرات اجتماعی ناشی از سازگاری‌های زیستی است، اما مردم شناسان اکنون معمولاً پذیرفته‌اند که تغییرات اجتماعی در نتیجه ترکیبی از تأثیرات اجتماعی، تکاملی و زیستی ایجاد می‌شود.

چندین رویکرد مختلف برای مطالعه تکامل فرهنگی وجود داشته‌است، از جمله نظریه وراثت دوگانه، تکامل اجتماعی-فرهنگی، یاده‌شناسی، تکامل گرایی فرهنگی و انواع دیگر در نظریه انتخاب فرهنگی. رویکردهای تکامل فرهنگی نه تنها در تاریخ توسعه و رشته‌ای منشأ خود، بلکه در نحوه مفهوم سازی فرایند تکامل فرهنگی و مفروضات آن و نظریه‌ها و روش‌هایی که برای مطالعه آن اعمال می‌شود، متفاوت هستند. در سال‌های اخیر، همگرایی در دسته‌ای از نظریه‌های مرتبط به سمت مشاهده تکامل فرهنگی به‌عنوان یک رشته یکپارچه در نوع خود وجود داشته‌است.

منابع

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برای مطالعه بیشتر

کتاب‌های پایه اولیه

• Boyd, R.; Richerson, P.J. (1985). Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Cavalli-Sforza, L.L; Feldman, M.W (1981). Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach, Princeton. NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Dawkins, R (1976). The Selfish Gene. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
• D. C., Dennett (1995). Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. London: Penguin.
• Hull, D. L (1988). Science as a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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• Waddington, C. H. (1977). Tools for Thought: How to Understand and Apply the Latest Scientific Techniques of Problem Solving. New York: Basic Books.

در اقتصاد فرگشتی

• Aldrich, H. E.; Hodgson, G. M; Hull, D. L.; Knudsen, T.; Mokyr, J.; Vanberg, V. (2008). "In defence of generalized Darwinism". Journal of Evolutionary Economics. 18 (5): 577–596. doi:10.1007/s00191-008-0110-z. {{cite journal}}: |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
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در زیست‌شناسی فرگشتی

• Lindenfors, P. (2017). For whose benefit? The biological and cultural evolution of cooperation. Springer.
• Jablonka, E. , Lamb, M.J. , (2014). Evolution in Four Dimensions, revised edition: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life. MIT Press.
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در مطالعات سازمانی

• Baldwin, J.; Anderssen, C. R.; Ridgway, K. (2013). "Hierarchical and cladistic classifications of manufacturing systems: a basis for applying generalised Darwinism?". Paper presented at the annual meeting of the European Academy of Management. Istanbul.
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یاده‌شناسی سازمانی

• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1988). "Society, culture, and person: a systems view of creativity". In Sternberg, R. J (ed.). The Nature of Creativity: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 325–39.
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• Deacon, T. W. (1999). "Memes as Signs in the Dynamic Logic of Semiosis: Molecular Science meets Computation Theory". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Lord, A. S.; Price, I. (2001). "Reconstruction of organisational phylogeny from memetic similarity analysis: Proof of feasibility". Journal of Memetics—Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission. 5 (2).
• Hodgson, G. M.; Knudsen, T. (2008). "Information, complexity and generative replication". Biology and Philosophy. 43: 47–65. doi:10.1007/s10539-007-9073-y. {{cite journal}}: |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
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زبان‌شناسی فرگشتی

• Kirby, S. (2007). "The evolution of language". In Dunbar, R; Barret, L. (eds.). Oxford handbook of evolutionary psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 669–681.
• Feldman, C. F. (1987). "Thought from Language: the linguistic construction of cognitive representations". In Bruner, J.; Haste, H. (eds.). Making.

پیوند به بیرون

• http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evolution-cultural/
• انجمن تکامل فرهنگی