پرش به محتوا

الگو:جدول تناوبی (فهرست شبه‌فلزها)

از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
مقاله‌های اصلی: شبه‌فلز و فهرست شبه‌فلزها
منابع عنصر‌های شبه‌فلز
عنصر آرسنیک تلوریم ژرمانیم سیلیسیم آنتیموان بور پولونیوم استاتین سلنیوم آلومینیوم کربن بیسموت فسفر بریلیوم قلع گوگرد لیورموریوم ید دیگر همه
As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Se Al C Bi P Be Sn S Lv I avg
منابع
(194 = ۱۰۰٪) 		۱۹۱.۵ ۱۹۰.۵ ۱۸۴.۵ ۱۸۳.۵ ۱۶۹.۵ ۱۶۶ ۹۳.۵ ۷۸ ۴۶ ۱۸ ۱۶.۵ ۱۱.۵ ۱۰ ۷.۵ ۵٫۵ ۳ ۳ ۲٫۵ ۶ ۷٫۱۵
۹۹٪ ۹۸٪ ۹۵٪ ۹۵٪ ۸۷٪ ۸۶٪ ۴۸٪ ۴۰٪ ۲۴٪ ۹٫۳٪ ۸٫۵٪ ۵٫۹٪ ۵٫۲٪ ۳٫۹٪ ۲٫۸٪ ۱٫۵٪ ۱٫۵٪ ۱٫۳٪ ۳٫۱٪
منبع سال
Simmons[۱] ۱۹۴۷ As Te Sb Se   4
Pauling[۲] ۱۹۴۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Szabó & Lakatos[۳] ۱۹۵۴ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al Be   10
Dull, Metcalfe & Williams[۴] ۱۹۵۸ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al   9
Frey[۵] ۱۹۵۸ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Johnstone & Miller[۶] ۱۹۶۰ As Te Ge Si Sb B Se C P   9
Edwards et al.[۷] ۱۹۶۱ As Te Ge Si Sb B Se I   8
Bond[۸] ۱۹۶۲ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Swift & Schaefer[۹] ۱۹۶۲ As Ge Si Sb B Bi   6
Hoffman[۱۰] ۱۹۶۳ As Te Ge Si Sb B Be   7
Nathans[۱۱] ۱۹۶۳ As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Bailar, Moeller & Kleinberg[۱۲] ۱۹۶۵ As Te Ge Se   4
Selwood[۱۳] ۱۹۶۵ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al Bi Sn Ga 12
Bassett et al.[۱۴] ۱۹۶۶ Te Ge Si Sb B Po Al Be   8
Hultgren[۱۵] ۱۹۶۶ As Te Ge Si Sb Se C   7
Metcalfe, Williams & Castka[۱۶] ۱۹۶۶ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po (Al)   7.5
Rochow[۱۷] ۱۹۶۶ As Te Ge Si Sb B (Po) (At) (Se) (C) (Bi) (P)   9
Mahan[۱۸] ۱۹۶۷ As Te Ge Si B   5
Paul, King & Farinholt[۱۹] ۱۹۶۷ As Te Ge Si Sb Se   6
Siebring[۲۰] ۱۹۶۷ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po Al   8
Cotton & Lynch[۲۱] ۱۹۶۸ As Te Ge Si Sb B At Se C   9
Dunstan[۲۲] ۱۹۶۸ As Te (Ge) Sb Po Al Bi Be Sn Pb 7.5
Tyrell & Warren[۲۳] ۱۹۶۸ As Te (Ge) Si (Sb) B (Po) At (Se) (Al) (C) (P) (I)   9.5
Williams, Embree & DeBey[۲۴] ۱۹۶۸ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po Al   8
Chedd[۲۵] ۱۹۶۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Hägg[۲۶] ۱۹۶۹ As Te Ge Sb At Sn   6
Holum[۲۷] ۱۹۶۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al   9
Hunter[۲۸] ۱۹۶۹ As Te Si Sb Se   5
Moody[۲۹] ۱۹۶۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al Be   10
Dickerson, Gray & Haight[۳۰] ۱۹۷۰ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Hardwick & Knobler[۳۱] ۱۹۷۰ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Williams, Embree & DeBay[۳۲] ۱۹۷۰ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po Al Be   9
Dickson[۳۳] ۱۹۷۱ As Te Ge Si Sb Po   6
Emsley[۳۴] ۱۹۷۱ As Te Ge Sb   4
Nitz & Dhonau[۳۵] ۱۹۷۱ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Pimentel & Spratley[۳۶] ۱۹۷۱ As Te Ge Si Sb B (Po) (At) Se C   9
Barrow[۳۷] ۱۹۷۲ As Te Ge Si B   5
Choppin & Johnsen[۳۸] ۱۹۷۲ As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Horvath[۳۹] ۱۹۷۳ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Pascoe[۴۰] ۱۹۷۳ Te Ge Si B At Se C P   8
Seager & Stoker[۴۱] ۱۹۷۳ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al Be   10
Allen & Keefer[۴۲] ۱۹۷۴ As Te Ge Si Sb B At Se   8
Andrews[۴۳] ۱۹۷۴ As Te Si B At   5
Day & Johnson[۴۴] ۱۹۷۴ As Te Ge Si Sb Po At   7
Dickson[۴۵] ۱۹۷۴ As Te Ge Si Sb Po At   7
Duffy[۴۶] ۱۹۷۴ As Te Ge Sb Se   5
Fuller[۴۷] ۱۹۷۴ As Te Ge Si B Se C   7
Nordmann[۴۸] ۱۹۷۴ As Te Ge Si B Po At Se   8
O'Connor[۴۹] ۱۹۷۴ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Rock & Gerhold[۵۰] ۱۹۷۴ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Pauling & Pauling[۵۱] ۱۹۷۵ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Hearst & Ifft[۵۲] ۱۹۷۶ As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Tyler Miller[۵۳] ۱۹۷۶ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al H 10
Waser, Trueblood & Knobler[۵۴] ۱۹۷۶ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Bloomfield[۵۵] ۱۹۷۷ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al   9
Ucko[۵۶] ۱۹۷۷ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al   9
Hill & Holman[۵۷] ۱۹۷۸ As Te Ge Si B (C)   5.5
Coxon, Fergusson & Phillips[۵۸] ۱۹۸۰ As Te Ge Si (Sb) B At (Be)   7
Warrena & Geballe[۵۹] ۱۹۸۱ As Te Si B At Se C P S   9
Walters[۶۰] ۱۹۸۲ As Te Ge Si B   5
Edwards & Sienko[۶۱] ۱۹۸۳ As Te Ge Sb Po (At)   5.5
Holtzclaw, Robinson & Nebergall[۶۲] ۱۹۸۴ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Boikess & Edelson[۶۳] ۱۹۸۵ As Te Ge Si B   5
Peters[۶۴] ۱۹۸۶ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Hibbert & James[۶۵] ۱۹۸۷ As Te Ge Si Sb Po Bi   7
Jones et al.[۶۶] ۱۹۸۷ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
McQuarrie & Rock[۶۷] ۱۹۸۷ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Wulfsberg[۶۸] ۱۹۸۷ As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Thayer[۶۹] ۱۹۸۸ As Te Ge Si B P   6
Whitten, Gailey & Davis[۷۰] ۱۹۸۸ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al   9
Bailar et al.[۷۱] ۱۹۸۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Gill[۷۲] ۱۹۸۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Malone[۷۳] ۱۹۸۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Petrucci[۷۴] ۱۹۸۹ As Te Ge Si Sb Po At   7
Puddephatt & Monaghan[۷۵] ۱۹۸۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Scott[۷۶] ۱۹۸۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Segal[۷۷] ۱۹۸۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Oxtoby, Nachtrieb & Freeman[۷۸] ۱۹۹۰ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Atkins & Beran[۷۹] ۱۹۹۰ As Te Ge Si Sb Po   6
Ebbing & Wrighton[۸۰] ۱۹۹۳ As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Zumdahl[۸۱] ۱۹۹۳ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Birk[۸۲] ۱۹۹۴ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Smith[۸۳] ۱۹۹۴ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
AAE[۸۴] ۱۹۹۶ As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Brady & Holum[۸۵] ۱۹۹۶ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Harrison & de Mora[۸۶] ۱۹۹۶ As Te Ge Si B   5
Hook & Post[۸۷] ۱۹۹۶ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Atkins & Jones[۸۸] ۱۹۹۷ As Te Ge Si Sb Po   6
Dayah[۸۹] ۱۹۹۷ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Mingos[۹۰] ۱۹۹۸ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Joesten & Wood[۹۱] ۱۹۹۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Kremer[۹۲] ۱۹۹۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Thompson[۹۳] ۱۹۹۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Umland & Bellama[۹۴] ۱۹۹۹ As Te Ge Si B At Se   7
Callister[۹۵] ۲۰۰۰ As Te Ge Si B Se C   7
Enloe[۹۶] ۲۰۰۰ As Te Si B At   5
Mann, Meek & Allen[۹۷] ۲۰۰۰ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po Bi   8
Phillips, Stozak & Wistrom[۹۸] ۲۰۰۰ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Ryan[۹۹] ۲۰۰۰ As Te Ge Si B   5
Hawkes[۱۰۰] ۲۰۰۱ As Te Ge Sb Se Bi   6
Lewis & Evans[۱۰۱] ۲۰۰۱ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Masterton & Hurley[۱۰۲] ۲۰۰۱ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Barrett[۱۰۳] ۲۰۰۲ (As) (Te) (Ge) (Si) (Sb) (B) (Se)   3.5
Chang[۱۰۴] ۲۰۰۲ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Lv Ts 10
Harding, Johnson & Janes[۱۰۵] ۲۰۰۲ As Te Ge Si Sb   5
Johnson[۱۰۶] ۲۰۰۲ As Te Ge Si Sb At   6
Rodgers[۱۰۷] ۲۰۰۲ As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Szefer[۱۰۸] ۲۰۰۲ As Te Ge Si Sb Se   6
Woodgate[۱۰۹] ۲۰۰۲ As Te Ge Sb Al   5
Wright & Welbourn[۱۱۰] ۲۰۰۲ As Te Ge Si B   5
e-encyclopedia[۱۱۱] ۲۰۰۳ As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Gupta[۱۱۲] ۲۰۰۳ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Hunt[۱۱۳] ۲۰۰۳ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Myers[۱۱۴] ۲۰۰۳ As Te Ge Si Sb B At Se   8
Williams[۱۱۵] ۲۰۰۳ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Atkins[۱۱۶] ۲۰۰۴ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Cox[۱۱۷] ۲۰۰۴ As Te Ge Si Sb Se   6
Gilbert, Kirss & Davies[۱۱۸] ۲۰۰۴ As Te Ge Si Sb B At Se   8
Reilly[۱۱۹] ۲۰۰۴ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Se   9
Ebbing & Gammon[۱۲۰] ۲۰۰۵ As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Fry & Page[۱۲۱] ۲۰۰۵ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Halliday, Resnick & Walker[۱۲۲] ۲۰۰۵ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Holler & Selegue[۱۲۳] ۲۰۰۵ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po (At)   7.5
Kotz, Treichel & Weaver[۱۲۴] ۲۰۰۵ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Meyer[۱۲۵] ۲۰۰۵ As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Orchin[۱۲۶] ۲۰۰۵ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Swenson[۱۲۷] ۲۰۰۵ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Se C Bi   11
Baird[۱۲۸] ۲۰۰۶ As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Blei & Odian[۱۲۹] ۲۰۰۶ As Te Ge Si Sb Po At Lv   8
Brown & Holme[۱۳۰] ۲۰۰۶ As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Dashek & Harrison[۱۳۱] ۲۰۰۶ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Finch et al.[۱۳۲] ۲۰۰۶ As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Goldfrank & Flomenbaum[۱۳۳] ۲۰۰۶ As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Hatt[۱۳۴] ۲۰۰۶ As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Hérold[۱۳۵] ۲۰۰۶ As Ge Si B Po (At) Se C Bi P   9.5
McMonagle[۱۳۶] ۲۰۰۶ As Te Ge Si B Lv Fl
Mc		 8
Rayner-Canham & Overton[۱۳۷] ۲۰۰۶ As Te Ge Si B   5
Silberberg[۱۳۸] ۲۰۰۶ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Slade[۱۳۹] ۲۰۰۶ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Wertheim, Oxlade & Stockley[۱۴۰] ۲۰۰۶ As Te Ge Si Sb B At Se   8
Whitley[۱۴۱] ۲۰۰۶ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
American Chemical Society[۱۴۲] ۲۰۰۷ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Astruc[۱۴۳] ۲۰۰۷ As Si B Se P S   6
Casper[۱۴۴] ۲۰۰۷ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Crystal[۱۴۵] ۲۰۰۷ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
DeGraff[۱۴۶] ۲۰۰۷ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Joesten, Hogg & Castellion[۱۴۷] ۲۰۰۷ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Lewis[۱۴۸] ۲۰۰۷ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po Se C P S   11
Petty[۱۴۹] ۲۰۰۷ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Se C Bi P Sn   13
Rösler, Harders & Bäker[۱۵۰] ۲۰۰۷ As Te Ge Si Sb B (Sn)   6.5
Saunders[۱۵۱] ۲۰۰۷ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Saunders[۱۵۲] ۲۰۰۷ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Shipman, Wilson & Tood[۱۵۳] ۲۰۰۷ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Bauer, Birk & Sawyer[۱۵۴] ۲۰۰۸ As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Clugston & Flemming[۱۵۵] ۲۰۰۸ As Te Ge Si Sb Se   6
Encyclopedia Columbia[۱۵۶] ۲۰۰۸ As Te Sb Se   4
Ham[۱۵۷] ۲۰۰۸ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Kelter, Mosher & Scott[۱۵۸] ۲۰۰۸ As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Masterton & Hurley[۱۵۹] ۲۰۰۸ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Merck[۱۶۰] ۲۰۰۸ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Nicolaou & Montagnon[۱۶۱] ۲۰۰۸ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At C   9
Řezanka & Sigler[۱۶۲] ۲۰۰۸ As Te Si B At Se   6
Tro & Neu[۱۶۳] ۲۰۰۸ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Vallero[۱۶۴] ۲۰۰۸ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Brown et al.[۱۶۵] ۲۰۰۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Burrows et al.[۱۶۶] ۲۰۰۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Castor-Perry[۱۶۷] ۲۰۰۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At I   9
Cracolice & Peters[۱۶۸] ۲۰۰۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Economou[۱۶۹] ۲۰۰۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al   9
Habashi[۱۷۰] ۲۰۰۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po Se Bi   9
Hein & Arena[۱۷۱] ۲۰۰۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Leach[۱۷۲] ۲۰۰۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Manning[۱۷۳] ۲۰۰۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
McMurray & Fay[۱۷۴] ۲۰۰۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Reger, Goode & Ball[۱۷۵] ۲۰۰۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Schnepp[۱۷۶] ۲۰۰۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Shubert & Leyba[۱۷۷] ۲۰۰۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Whitten et al.[۱۷۸] ۲۰۰۹ As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Aldinger & Weberruss[۱۷۹] ۲۰۱۰ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Banks et al.[۱۸۰] ۲۰۱۰ As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Fayer[۱۸۱] ۲۰۱۰ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Gray[۱۸۲] ۲۰۱۰ As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Groysman[۱۸۳] ۲۰۱۰ As Te Ge Si Sb Po   6
Halka & Nordstrom[۱۸۴] ۲۰۱۰ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Lombi E & Holm PE[۱۸۵] ۲۰۱۰ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
NEST Association[۱۸۶] ۲۰۱۰ As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
RCCS[۱۸۷] ۲۰۱۰ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Se C Bi P Sn   13
Senese[۱۸۸] ۲۰۱۰ As Te Ge Si Sb (B) Po At (Se) C   9
Weiner[۱۸۹] ۲۰۱۰ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Barbalace[۱۹۰] ۲۰۱۱ As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Encyclopædia Britannica Online[۱۹۱] ۲۰۱۱ As Te Ge Si Sb B (Po) (At)   7
Helmenstine[۱۹۲] ۲۰۱۱ As Te Ge Si Sb B (Po)   6.5
Moore[۱۹۳] ۲۰۱۱ As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
QA International[۱۹۴] ۲۰۱۱ As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
عنصر آرسنیک تلوریوم ژرمانیم سیلیسیم آنتیموان بور پولونیوم استاتین سلنیم آلومینیوم کربن بیسموت فسفر بریلیم قلع گوگرد لیورموریوم ید دیگر
  • عنصرهای درون پرانتز () نشان می‌دهند که گنجاندن آنها در یک لیست شبه‌فلزی خاص به نوعی توسط نویسنده (ها) واجد شرایط است. این 0.5 منبع به شمار می‌رود.

منابع

این منابع در خود الگو یا مقاله دیده می‌شوند اما این فهرست تنها در این صفحه مشاهده می‌شود.
  1. ↑ Simmons LM 1947, 'A modification of the periodic table', Journal of Chemical Education, December, pp. 588–591 (589) doi:10.1021/ed024p588
  2. ↑ Pauling, L (1949). General chemistry. WH Freeman, San Francisco. p. 65.
  3. ↑ Szabó ZG & Lakatos B 1954, 'The new form of the periodic table and new periodic functions', Acta Chimica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, IV 2–4, pp. 129–149 (133)
  4. ↑ Dull CE, Metcalfe HC & Williams JE 1958, Modern chemistry, Henry Holt and Company, New York, pp. 59–60, 62
  5. ↑ Frey PR 1958, College chemistry, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 118
  6. ↑ Johnstone RT & Miller SE 1960, Occupational diseases and industrial medicine, Saunders, Philadelphia, p. 262
  7. ↑ Edwards JO, Ellison HR, Luaro CG & Lorand JP 1961, 'Factors which influence the stability of anionic complexes', in S Kirschner, Advances in the chemistry of the coordination compounds: Proceedings of the sixth international conference on coordination chemistry, Macmillan, New York, pp. 230–237 (230)
  8. ↑ Bond GC 1962, Catalysis by metals, Academic Press, London, p. 8
  9. ↑ Swift EH & Schaefer WP 1962, Qualitative elemental analysis, WH Freeman, San Francisco, p. 100
  10. ↑ Hoffman KB 1963, Chemistry for the applied sciences, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 34
  11. ↑ Nathans MW 1963, Elementary chemistry, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 122
  12. ↑ Bailar JC, Moeller T & Kleinberg J 1965, University chemistry, DC Heath, Boston, p. 332
  13. ↑ Selwood PW 1965, General chemistry, 4th ed., Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, inside back cover
  14. ↑ Bassett LG, Bunce SC, Carter AE, Clark HM & Hollinger HB 1966, Principles of chemistry, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 127, 602
  15. ↑ Hultgren HH 1966, 'Metalloids, in GL Clark & GG Hawley (eds), The encyclopedia of inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., Reinhold Publishing, New York, pp. 648–649 (648)
  16. ↑ Metcalfe HC, Williams JE & Castka JF 1966, Modern chemistry, Hollt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, pp. 466–67
  17. ↑ Rochow EG 1966, The metalloids, DC Heath, Boston, pp. 3, 7–8
  18. ↑ Mahan BH 1967, University chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, p. 448
  19. ↑ Paul MA, King EJ & Farinholt LH 1967, General chemistry, Harcourt, Brace & World, New York, p. 135
  20. ↑ Siebring BR 1967, Chemistry, Macmillan, New York, p. 70
  21. ↑ Cotton FA & Lynch LD 1968, Chemistry: An investigative approach, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 226
  22. ↑ Dunstan S 1968, Principles of chemistry, D Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ, pp. 310, 409
  23. ↑ Tyrell LWM & Warren RK 1968, Principles of chemical science: A student's text, Edward Arnold (Publishers), n.p., p. 111
  24. ↑ Williams AL, Embree HD & DeBey HJ 1968, Introduction to chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA, inside back cover
  25. ↑ Chedd G 1969, Half-way elements, Aldus Books, London, p. 24
  26. ↑ Hägg G 1969, General and inorganic chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 92
  27. ↑ Holum JR 1969, Introduction to principles of chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 59
  28. ↑ Hunter D 1969, The diseases of occupations, Little, Brown, & Co., Boston, p. 232
  29. ↑ Moody BJ 1969, Comparative inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., Edward Arnold, London, pp. 67–68
  30. ↑ Dickerson RE, Gray HB & Haight GP 1970, Chemical principles, WA Benjamin, New York, p. 160
  31. ↑ Hardwick ER & Knobler CM 1979, Chemistry: Man and matter, Xerox College, Waltham, MA, inside back cover
  32. ↑ Williams AL, Embree HD & DeBay HJ 1970, General chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, p. 55
  33. ↑ Dickson TR 1971, Introduction to chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 160
  34. ↑ Emsley J 1971, The inorganic chemistry of the non-metals, Methuen Educational, London, p. 1
  35. ↑ Nitz OW & Dhonau CA 1971, Chemistry: A brief introduction, Willard Grant, Boston, p. 64
  36. ↑ Pimentel GC & Spratley RD 1971, Understanding chemistry, Holden-Day, San Francisco, p. 664
  37. ↑ Barrow GM 1972, General chemistry, Wadsworth, Belmont CA, p. 162
  38. ↑ Choppin GR & Johnsen RH 1972, Introductory chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA, p. 346
  39. ↑ Horvath AL 1973, 'Critical temperature of elements and the periodic system' Journal of Chemical Education, vol 50, no. 5, pp. 335–336 (336)
  40. ↑ Pascoe KJ 1973, Properties of materials for electrical engineers, John Wiley & Sons, p. 7
  41. ↑ Seager SL & Stoker HS 1973, Chemistry: A science for today, Scott, Foresman and Company, Glenview, Illinois, p. 58
  42. ↑ Allen TL & Keefer RM 1974, Chemistry: Experiment and theory, Harper & Row, New York, p. 235
  43. ↑ Andrews DH 1974, Chemistry: A humanistic view, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 217
  44. ↑ Day RA & Johnson RC 1974, General chemistry, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 145
  45. ↑ Dickson TR 1974, Understanding chemistry: From atoms to attitude, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 32
  46. ↑ Duffy JA 1974, General inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., Longman, London, p. 53
  47. ↑ Fuller EC 1974, Chemistry and man's environment, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 186
  48. ↑ Nordmann J 1974, What is chemistry: a chemical view of nature, Harper & Row, New York, p. 152
  49. ↑ O'Connor RF 1974, Chemical principles and their biological implications, Hamilton Publishing, Santa Barbara, CA, p. 84
  50. ↑ Rock PA & Gerhold GA 1974, Chemistry: Principles and applications, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, p. 535
  51. ↑ Pauling L & Pauling P 1975, Chemistry, WH Freeman, San Francisco, p. 114
  52. ↑ Hearst JE & Ifft JB 1976, Contemporary chemistry, WH Freeman, San Francisco, p. 104
  53. ↑ Tyler Miller G 1976, Chemistry: A contemporary approach, Wadsworth, Belmont CA, p. 44
  54. ↑ Waser J, Trueblood KN & Knobler CM 1976, Chem one, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 245
  55. ↑ Bloomfield MM 1977, Chemistry and the living organism, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 126
  56. ↑ Ucko DA 1977, Living chemistry, Academic Press, New York, p. 32
  57. ↑ Hill GC & Holman JS 1978, Chemistry in context, Thomas Nelson & Sons, Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex, p. 27
  58. ↑ Coxon JM, Fergusson JE & Phillips LF 1980, First year chemistry, Edward Arnold, London, p. 21
  59. ↑ Warrena JL & Geballe TH 1981, 'Research opportunities in new energy-related materials', Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 50, no.2, Oct, pp. 149–198, p. 161?
  60. ↑ Walters D 1982, Chemistry, Franklin Watts Science World series, Franklin Watts, London, p. 33
  61. ↑ Edwards PP & Sienko MJ, 'On the occurrence of metallic character in the periodic table of the elements', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 691–696 (692)
  62. ↑ Holtzclaw HF, Robinson WR & Nebergall WH 1984, General chemistry, 7th ed., DC Heath, Lexington, p. 193
  63. ↑ Boikess RS & Edelson E 1985, Chemical principles, 3rd ed., Harper & Row, New York, p. 35
  64. ↑ Peters EI 1986, Introduction to chemical principles, 4th ed., Saunders College, Philadelphia, p. 105
  65. ↑ Hibbert DB & James AM 1987, Macmillan dictionary of chemistry, Macmillan, London, p. 300
  66. ↑ Jones MM, Johnston DO, Netterville JT, Wood JL & Joeston MD 1987, Chemistry & society, 5th ed., Saunders College, Philadelphia, p. 84
  67. ↑ McQuarrie DA & Rock PA 1987, General chemistry, 3rd ed., WH Freeman, San Francisco, p. 84
  68. ↑ Wulfsberg G 1987, Principles of descriptive inorganic chemistry, Brooks/Cole, Monterey, CA, p. 201
  69. ↑ Thayer JS 1988, Organometallic chemistry: An overview, VCH, New York, p. 3
  70. ↑ Whitten KW, Gailey KD & Davis RE 1988, General chemistry with qualitative analysis, Saunders College, Philadelphia, p. 139
  71. ↑ Bailar JC, Moeller T, Kleinberg J, Guss CO, Catellion ME & Metz C 1989 Chemistry, 3rd ed., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego, p. 742
  72. ↑ Gill R 1989, Chemical fundamentals of geology, Unwin Hyman, London, p. 292
  73. ↑ Malone LJ 1989, Basic concepts of chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 135
  74. ↑ Petrucci RK 1989, General chemistry: Principles and modern applications, 5th ed., Macmillan, New York, p. 284
  75. ↑ Puddephatt RJ & Monaghan PK 1989, The periodic table of the elements, Clarendon Press, Oxford, p.40
  76. ↑ Scott A 1989, Molecular machinery: The principles and powers of chemistry, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, p. 18
  77. ↑ Segal BG 1989, Chemistry: experiment and theory, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, p. 965
  78. ↑ Oxtoby DW, Nachtrieb NH & Freeman WA 1990, Chemistry: Science of change, Saunders College, Philadelphia, inside front cover
  79. ↑ Atkins PW & Beran JA 1990, General chemistry, 2nd ed., Scientific American Books, New York, p. 44
  80. ↑ Ebbing DD & Wrighton MS 1993, General chemistry, 4th ed., Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 58
  81. ↑ Zumdahl SS 1993, Chemistry, 3rd ed., Lexington MA, p. 327
  82. ↑ Birk JP 1994, Chemistry, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, inside cover
  83. ↑ Smith R 1994, Conquering chemistry, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 25
  84. ↑ Academic American Encyclopedia 1996, vol. 13, 'metalloids', Grolier, Danbury, CT, p. 328
  85. ↑ Brady JE & Holum JR 1996, Chemistry: The study of matter and its changes, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 59
  86. ↑ Harrison RM & de Mora SJ 1996, Introductory chemistry for the environmental sciences, 2nd ed., Cambridge University, Cambridge, p. 150
  87. ↑ Hook CC & Post R 1996, Chemistry: Concepts and problems, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 297
  88. ↑ Atkins P & Jones L 1997, Chemistry: Molecules, matter and change, 3rd ed., WH Freeman, New York, p. 15
  89. ↑ Dayah M 1997, Dynamic Periodic Table, viewed 14 July 2011
  90. ↑ Mingos DMP 1998, Essential trends in inorganic chemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, p. 202
  91. ↑ Joesten MD & Wood JL 1999, World of chemistry: Essentials, 2nd ed., Saunders College/Harcourt Brace, Fort Worth, p. 57
  92. ↑ Kremer P 1999, ChemGlobe – Periodic table of the elements, viewed 14 July 2011
  93. ↑ Thompson R, 1999, 'Re: What is the metalloid line and where is it located on the Periodic Table?', MadSci Network
  94. ↑ Umland JB & Bellama JM 1999, General chemistry, 3rd ed., Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, inside front cover
  95. ↑ Callister WD 2000, Materials science and engineering: An introduction, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 17
  96. ↑ Enloe CL 2000, Physical science: What the technology professional needs to know, John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 93
  97. ↑ Mann JB, Meek TL and Allen LC 2000, 'Configuration energies of the main group elements', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 122, pp. 2780–2783
  98. ↑ Phillips JS, Stozak VS & Wistrom C 2000, Chemistry: Concepts and applications, Glencoe/McGraw Hill, Columbus OH, p. 93
  99. ↑ Ryan L 2000, Advanced chemistry for you, Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham, p. 92
  100. ↑ Hawkes SJ 2001, 'Semimetallicity', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 1686–1686
  101. ↑ Lewis R & Evans W 2001, Chemistry, 2nd ed., Palgrave, Basingstoke, Hampshire, p. 212
  102. ↑ Masterton WL & Hurley N 2001, Chemistry: Principles and reactions, 4th ed., Harcourt College, Fort Worth, inside front cover
  103. ↑ Barrett J 2002, Atomic structure and periodicity, Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, NJ, p. 105
  104. ↑ Chang R 2002, Chemistry, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 46
  105. ↑ Harding C, Johnson DA & Janes R 2002, Elements of the p block, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, p. 210
  106. ↑ Johnson DA 2002, Metals and chemical change, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, p. 22
  107. ↑ Rodgers GE 2002, Descriptive inorganic, coordination, and solid-state chemistry, 2nd ed., Brooks/Cole Thomson, Australia, p. 235
  108. ↑ Szefer P 2002, Metals, metalloids and radionuclides in the Baltic Sea ecosystem, Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 14
  109. ↑ Woodgate S 2002, GEN periodic table: Metals, metalloids, nonmetals, The University of Auckland
  110. ↑ Wright DA & Welbourn P 2002, Environmental toxicology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, p. 254
  111. ↑ e-encyclopedia 2003, Dorling Kindersley, London, p. 161
  112. ↑ Gupta CK 2003, Chemical metallurgy: principles and practice, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p. 4
  113. ↑ Hunt A 2003, Schaum's A-Z: Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 231
  114. ↑ Myers R 2003, The basics of chemistry, Greenwood, Westport CT, p. 68
  115. ↑ Williams LD 2003, Chemistry demystified, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 151
  116. ↑ Atkins P 2004, Galileo's finger: the ten great ideas of science, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 159
  117. ↑ Cox PA 2004, Inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., Bios Scientific, London, p. 27
  118. ↑ Gilbert TR, Kirss RV & Davies G 2004, Chemistry: The science in context, WW Norton, New York, inside front cover
  119. ↑ Reilly C 2004, The nutritional trace metals, Blackwell, Oxford, p. 5
  120. ↑ Ebbing DD & Gammon 2005, General chemistry, 8th ed., Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 58
  121. ↑ Fry M & Page E 2005, Catchup chemistry: For the life and medical sciences, Scion, Bloxham, Oxfordshire, p. 14
  122. ↑ Halliday D, Resnick R & Walker J 2005, Fundamentals of physics, 7th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. A-15
  123. ↑ Holler FJ & Selegue JP 2005, The periodic table of comic books, viewed 14 Jul 2011
  124. ↑ Kotz JC, Treichel P & Weaver GC 2005, Chemistry & chemical reactivity, 6th ed., Brooks Cole, Belmont, CA, p. 80
  125. ↑ Meyer JS (ed.) 2005, Toxicity of dietborne metals to aquatic organisms, Allen Press/ACG, place p. 282
  126. ↑ Orchin M 2005, The vocabulary and concepts of organic chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 20
  127. ↑ Swenson J 2005, 'Classification of noble gases' in Ask a scientist, Chemistry archive
  128. ↑ Baird C 2006, Chemistry in your life, 2nd ed., WH Freeman, New York, p. 81
  129. ↑ Blei I & Odian G 2006, General, organic and biochemistry: Connecting chemistry to your life, WH Freeman, New York, inside cover
  130. ↑ Brown L & Holme T 2006, Chemistry for engineering students, Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, p. 58
  131. ↑ Dashek WV & Harrison M 2006, Plant cell biology, Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, p. 20
  132. ↑ Finch J, Sinha R, Singh D & Saika A (eds) 2006, Encyclopedia of science, 3rd ed., Dorling Kindersley, London, p. 32
  133. ↑ Goldfrank LR & Flomenbaum N 2006, Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 187
  134. ↑ Hatt C 2006, Scientists and their discoveries, Evans Brothers, London, p. 21
  135. ↑ Hérold A 2006, 'An arrangement of the chemical elements in several classes inside the periodic table according to their common properties', Comptes Rendus Chimie, vol. 9, pp. 148–153
  136. ↑ McMonagle D 2006, Chemistry: an illustrated guide to science, Infobase Publishing, New York, p. 26
  137. ↑ Rayner-Canham G & Overton T 2006, Descriptive inorganic chemistry, 4th ed., WH Freeman, New York, p. 29
  138. ↑ Silberberg MS 2006, Chemistry: The molecular nature of matter and change, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 55
  139. ↑ Slade S 2006, Elements and the periodic table, The Rosen Publishing Group, New York, p. 16
  140. ↑ Wertheim J, Oxlade C & Stockley C 2006, The Usborne illustrated dictionary of chemistry, Usborne, London, p. 51
  141. ↑ Whitley K 2006, Periodic table: Metals, non-metals, and semi-metals, Chem Professor: Course outline, General chemistry, viewed 14 July 2011
  142. ↑ American Chemical Society, Interactive periodic table, viewed 14 July 2011
  143. ↑ Astruc D 2007, Organometallic chemistry and catalysis, Springer, Berlin. p. 312
  144. ↑ Casper JK 2007, Minerals: Gifts from the earth, Infobase, New York, p. 9
  145. ↑ Crystal D (ed.) 2007, 'metalloid', in The Penguin Concise Encyclopedia, 3rd ed., Penguin Books, London, p. 599
  146. ↑ DeGraff J 2007, Understanding and responding to hazardous substances at mine sites in the western United States, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colordado, p. 26
  147. ↑ Joesten MD, Hogg JL & Castellion ME 2007, The world of chemistry: essentials, Thommson Higher Education, Belmont, CA, p. 58
  148. ↑ Lewis RJ 2007, Hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 15th ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York p. 905
  149. ↑ Petty MC 2007, Molecular electronics: From principles to practice, vol. 22 of Wiley series in materials for electronic and optoelectronic applications, John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 25
  150. ↑ Rösler J, Harders H & Bäker M 2007, Mechanical behaviour of engineering materials: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites, Springer, Berlin, p. 6
  151. ↑ Saunders N 2007, Exploring atoms and molecules, The Rosen Publishing Group, New York, p. 9
  152. ↑ Saunders N 2007, Exploring chemical reactions, The Rosen Publishing Group, New York, p. 9
  153. ↑ Shipman J, Wilson JD & Tood A 2007, An introduction to physical science, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 297
  154. ↑ Bauer RC, Birk JP & Sawyer DJ 2008, Laboratory inquiry in chemistry, 3rd ed., Brooks/Cole, Belmont, inside back cover
  155. ↑ Clugston M & Flemming R 2008, Advanced chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 19
  156. ↑ Encyclopedia Columbia 2008, 'nonmetal', 6th ed., viewed 14 July 2011
  157. ↑ Ham B 2008, The periodic table, Infobase, New York, p. 66
  158. ↑ Kelter P, Mosher M & Scott A 2008, Chemistry: The practical science, Media enhanced edition, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 261
  159. ↑ Masterton Wl & Hurley CN 2008, Chemistry: Principles and reactions, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA, p. 31
  160. ↑ Merck 2008, Periodic table of the elements, viewed 14 July 2011
  161. ↑ Nicolaou KC & Montagnon T 2008, Molecules that changed the world: a brief history of the art and science of synthesis and its impact on society, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p. 4
  162. ↑ Řezanka T & Sigler K 2008, 'Biologically active compounds of semi-metals', in Atta-ur-Rahman (ed.), Studies in natural products chemistry, vol. 35, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 835–922 (836)
  163. ↑ Tro NJ & Neu D 2008, Chemistry in focus: A molecular view of our world, Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, p. 75
  164. ↑ Vallero DA 2008, Fundamentals of air pollution, Academic Press/Elsevier, Burlington MA, p. 200
  165. ↑ Brown TL, Le May, HE, Bursten BE, Murphy & Woodward 2009, Chemistry: The central science, 11th ed., Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, p. 49
  166. ↑ Burrows A, Holman J, Parsons A, Pilling G & Price G 2009, Chemistry3: Introducing inorganic, organic and physical chemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, p. 1192
  167. ↑ Castor-Perry S 2009, 'This week in science history – Mendeleev's periodic table', in Science Interviews, The Naked Scientists: Science Radio & Science Podcasts, viewed 14 July 2011
  168. ↑ Cracolice MS & Peters EI 2009, Introductory chemistry: An active learning approach, Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, p. 336
  169. ↑ Economou EN 2009, The physics of solids: Essentials and beyond, Springer, Heidelberg, p. 59
  170. ↑ Habashi F 2009, 'Metals: Typical and less typical, transition and inner transition,' Foundations of Chemistry, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 31–39
  171. ↑ Hein M & Arena S 2009, Foundations of college chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, alternate 13th ed., New York, p. 49
  172. ↑ Leach M 2009, 'Periodic table chemical of substances under standard conditions', The chemogenesis webook, viewed 14 July 2011
  173. ↑ Manning P 2009, Chemical bonds, Infobase, New York, p. 105
  174. ↑ McMurray J & Fay RC 2009, General chemistry: Atoms first, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, p. 767
  175. ↑ Reger DL, Goode SR & Ball DW 2009, Chemistry: Principles & practice, Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, p. 56
  176. ↑ Schnepp R 2009, Hazardous materials: Awareness and operations, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Sudbury, MA, p. 30
  177. ↑ Shubert D & Leyba J 2009, Chemistry and physics for nurse anesthesia: A student centred approach, Springer, NY, p. 41
  178. ↑ Whitten KW, Davis RE, Peck ML, Stanley GG 2009, Chemistry, 9th ed. Revised, Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, p. 134
  179. ↑ Aldinger F & Weberruss VA 2010, Advanced ceramics and future materials: An introduction to structures, properties, technologies, methods, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p. 49
  180. ↑ Banks AJ, Bollom MS, Holmes JL, Jacobsen JJ, Kotz JC & Moore JW 2010, Periodic table live!, Division of Chemical Education, viewed 14 July 2011
  181. ↑ Fayer MD 2010, Absolutely small: How quantum theory explains our everyday world, American Management Association, New York, p. 161
  182. ↑ Gray T 2010, Metalloids (7), viewed 14 July 2011
  183. ↑ Groysman A 2009, Corrosion for everybody, Springer, Dordrecht, p. 4
  184. ↑ Halka M & Nordstrom B 2010, Nonmetals, Infobase, New York, p. xiv
  185. ↑ Lombi E & Holm PE 2010, 'Metalloids, soil chemistry and the environment', in TP Jahn (ed.), MIPS and their role in the exchange of metalloids, Landes Bioscience, Austin< TX, 33–46(33)
  186. ↑ National Earth Science Teachers Association 2010, 'Metals, nonmetals, & metalloids', Windows to the universe, viewed 14 July 2011
  187. ↑ Research Centre for Computational Science 2010, The periodic table of the elements, Okazaki Research Facilities, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan, viewed 14 July 2011
  188. ↑ Senese FA 2010, Metals, nonmetals and metalloids, viewed 14 July 2011
  189. ↑ Weiner ER 2010, Applications of environmental aquatic chemistry: A practical guide, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, p. 109
  190. ↑ Barbalace KL 2011, Periodic table of elements, viewed 14 July 2011
  191. ↑ "Metalloid". دانشنامه بریتانیکا. 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  192. ↑ Helmenstine AM 2011, Metalloids or semimetals: Properties of element groups, viewed 14 July 2011
  193. ↑ Moore JT 2011, The periodic table: metals, nonmetals, and metalloids, dummies.com, viewed 14 July 2011
  194. ↑ QA International 2011, Merriam-Webster Visual dictionary online, viewed 14 July 2011
برگرفته از «https://fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=الگو:جدول_تناوبی_(فهرست_شبه‌فلزها)&oldid=32104984»