راهنما:آی‌پی‌ای/اسپانیایی
جداول زیر نشان می‌دهد که چگونه الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی (IPA) تلفظ‌های زبان اسپانیایی را در مقالات ویکی‌پدیا نشان می‌دهد. برای راهنمای افزودن نویسه‌های آی‌پی‌ای به مقالات ویکی‌پدیا، به الگو:آوا و ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه‌نامه/تلفظ و نحوه وارد کردن نویسه‌های آی‌پی‌ای مراجعه کنید.
برای عباراتی که بیشتر مربوط به مناطقی هستند که تحت yeísmo قرار نگرفته‌اند (جاهایی که کلماتی مانند haya و halla متفاوت تلفظ می‌شوند)، کلماتی که با ⟨ll⟩ املا می‌شوند را می‌توان در آی‌پی‌ای با ⟨ʎ⟩ رونویسی کرد. این تلفظ ادغام نشده در آند، دشت بولیوی، پاراگوئه، برخی از مناطق روستایی اسپانیا و برخی از طبقه بالای شهری شمال اسپانیا غالب است.[۱]
برای عباراتی که بیشتر مربوط به مناطقی هستند که seseo دارند (جاهایی که کلماتی مانند caza و casa یکسان تلفظ می‌شوند)، کلماتی که با ⟨z⟩ یا ⟨c⟩ (دومی فقط قبل از ⟨i⟩ یا ⟨e⟩) نوشته می‌شوند، می‌توانند رونویسی شده در آی‌پی‌ای با ⟨s⟩. این تلفظ بیشتر در خارج از سرزمین اصلی اسپانیا یافت می‌شود.
در همه موارد دیگر، اگر یک تلفظ محلی باشد، باید به‌عنوان «محلی» برچسب‌گذاری شود (به عنوان مثال تلفظ در اسپانیایی: [...]).
برای بحث تکمیلی در مورد صداهای اسپانیایی و گویش‌ها و انواع تلفظ‌های اسپانیایی و تنوع منطقه‌ای آن به واج‌شناسی اسپانیایی مراجعه کنید.
راهنمای تلفظ
[ویرایش]
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پانویس
[ویرایش]- ↑ Penny (2000:120, 132, 147)
- ↑ ۲٫۰ ۲٫۱ ۲٫۲ ۲٫۳ ۲٫۴ ۲٫۵ /b, d, ɡ, ɟʝ/ are pronounced as fricatives or approximants [β, ð, ɣ, ʝ] in all places except after a pause, /n/ or /m/, or in the case of /d/ and /ɟʝ/, after /l/. In the latter environments, they are stops [b, d, ɡ, ɟʝ] like English ⟨b, d, g, j⟩, but are fully voiced in all positions, unlike in English. When it is distinct from /ʝ/, /ʎ/ is realized as an approximant [ʎ] in all positions (Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté 2003:257-8).
- ↑ ۳٫۰ ۳٫۱ ۳٫۲ The distinction between /p, t, k/ and /b, d, ɡ/ is lost in word-internal syllable-final positions. The resulting realization varies from [p, t, k] to [b, d, ɡ] to [β, ð, ɣ], with the latter being the usual form in conversational style (Hualde 2005:146).
- ↑ ۴٫۰ ۴٫۱ ۴٫۲ ۴٫۳ When preceding a voiced consonant, /s, θ, f/ may be voiced ([z, θ̬, v]), but since this is variable (Campos-Astorkiza 2018:174), /s, θ, f/ are always transcribed with ⟨s, θ, f⟩ in this system.
- ↑ ۵٫۰ ۵٫۱ ۵٫۲ Most speakers no longer distinguish /ʎ/ from /ʝ/; the actual realization depends on dialect, however. See yeísmo and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
- ↑ ۶٫۰ ۶٫۱ ۶٫۲ ۶٫۳ ۶٫۴ Nasals always assimilate their place of articulation to that of the following consonant. Before velars, they are [ŋ], and before labials, they are [m]. The labiodental [ɱ] appears before /f/.
- ↑ ۷٫۰ ۷٫۱ The rhotic consonant, [r] and [ɾ], only contrast word-medially between vowels, where they are usually spelled ⟨rr⟩ and ⟨r⟩, respectively. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution: Word-initially, stem-initially, and after /l, n, s/, only [r] is found; before a consonant or pause, the two are interchangeable, but [ɾ] is more common (hence so represented here). Elsewhere, only [ɾ] is found. When two rhotics occur consecutively across a word or prefix boundary they result in one long trill, which is transcribed with ⟨ɾr⟩ in this key: dar rocas [daɾ ˈrokas], super-rápido [supeɾˈrapiðo] (Hualde 2005:184).
- ↑ ۸٫۰ ۸٫۱ In much of Hispanic America and in the southern half of Spain, /s/ in syllable-final positions is either pronounced as [h] or not pronounced at all. In transcriptions linked to this key, however, it is always represented by ⟨s⟩.
- ↑ ۹٫۰ ۹٫۱ ۹٫۲ Northern and Central Spain distinguish between ⟨s⟩ (/s/) and soft ⟨c⟩ or ⟨z⟩ (/θ/). Almost all other dialects treat the two as identical, either pronouncing them as /s/ (seseo) in Latin America and some parts of Andalusia, or as /θ/ (ceceo) in most of Andalusia. In areas with the distinction, the alveolar sibilant is typically more retracted (often perceived as closer to the sound represented by ⟨sh⟩ in ship) than in areas with seseo. Contrary to yeísmo, seseo and ceceo are not phonemic merger but the outcome of a different evolution of sibilants in southern Spain in comparison with northern and central dialects. See phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
- ↑ /ʃ/ is used only in loanwords and certain proper nouns. It is nonexistent in many dialects, being realized as [tʃ] or [s]; e.g. show [tʃow]~[sow].
- ↑ /x/ is pronounced as [h] in many accents such as those in the Caribbean, Central America, Colombia, Andalusia, and the Canary Islands (Hualde 2005:156). It is pronounced as [χ] in northern Peninsular Spanish (Coloma 2012:3; 17).
- ↑ The letter ⟨x⟩ represents /x/ only in certain proper names like Ximena and some placenames in current or former Mexico (e.g. Oaxaca and Texas).
- ↑ The letter ⟨h⟩ represents /x/ only in loanwords; in native words it is always silent, unless it is a part of the digraph ⟨ch⟩.
- ↑ [j, w] are allophones of /i, u/ that manifest when unstressed and adjacent to another vowel. Mid vowels /e, o/ may also be realized as semivowels, as in [ˈpo̯eta, ˈmae̯stɾo] (poeta, maestro). Semivocalic realizations of /e, o/ may in addition be raised to [j, w], as in [ˈpweta, ˈmajstɾo], which is common in Latin America, but stigmatized in Spain (Hualde, Simonet & Torreira 2008:1911). Since both these phenomena are optional and predictable, they are not reflected in transcription ([poˈeta, maˈestɾo]).
- ↑ Some speakers may pronounce word-initial [w] with an epenthetic [ɡ] (e.g. Huila [ˈɡwila]~[ˈwila]).
منابع
[ویرایش]- Campos-Astorkiza, Rebeka (2018), "Consonants", in Geeslin, Kimberly L. (ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Spanish Linguistics, Cambridge University Press, pp. 165–189, doi:10.1017/9781316779194.009, ISBN 978-1-107-17482-5
- Coloma, Germán (2012). "The importance of ten phonetic characteristics to define dialect areas in Spanish" (PDF). Dialectologia. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona. 9: 1–26. ISSN 2013-2247.
- Hualde, José Ignacio (2005), The Sounds of Spanish, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-54538-2
- Hualde, José Ignacio; Simonet, Miquel; Torreira, Francisco (2008), "Postlexical contraction of nonhigh vowels in Spanish", Lingua, 118 (12): 1906–1925, doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2007.10.004
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/s0025100303001373
- Penny, Ralph J. (2000). Variation and change in Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139164566. ISBN 0521780454. Retrieved 21 June 2022.