راهنما:آی‌پی‌ای/آلمانی معیار
 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of آلمانی معیار on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of آلمانی معیار in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing اجماع on the talk page first. |
جداول زیر نشان دهنده نحوه نمایش تلفظ‌های معیار به زبان آلمانی معیار در مقالات ویکی‌پدیا با الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی هستند. برای راهنمای افزودن کاراکترهای آی پی ای به مقالات ویکی‌پدیا الگو:آوا Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters را ببینید.
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جستارهای وابسته
[ویرایش]- رده:Pages with German IPA (۰)
- رده:Pages with Austrian German IPA (۰)
- رده:Pages with Swiss Standard German IPA (۰)
ارجاعات
[ویرایش]- ↑ ۱٫۰ ۱٫۱ ۱٫۲ ۱٫۳ ۱٫۴ In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced, and /s/ is the only alveolar fricative). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] as well as [v̥] occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for /b, d, ɡ/, often also word-initially. See fortis and lenis.
- ↑ ۲٫۰ ۲٫۱ ۲٫۲ ۲٫۳ ۲٫۴ ۲٫۵ In German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable.
- ↑ ۳٫۰ ۳٫۱ [ç] and [x] belong to one phoneme traditionally transcribed /x/. The velar allophone appears after back vowels and /a, a:/ and it may instead be uvular [χ], depending on the variety and speaker. In this guide, the difference between velar and uvular allophones is ignored and both are written with ⟨x⟩.
- ↑ ۴٫۰ ۴٫۱ ۴٫۲ Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only [r], that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, بایرن and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant [ʁ]. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the /r/ in the هجا is vocalized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ]. Also, in southern Germany and Austria, /ɐ/ is alternatively realized as [a].
- ↑ The glottal stop occurs in آلمانی معیار آلمان. It is not transcribed phrase-initially, where it is just as likely to be used in English as it is in German. Word- and phrase-internal glottal stops are transcribed. آلمانی اتریشی or آلمانی معیار سوئیس does not have glottal stops ((Krech et al. 2009، صص. 236, 262)).
- ↑ ۶٫۰ ۶٫۱ Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ ((Hall 2003، ص. 42)). The same applies to the corresponding lenis /dʒ/, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart /tʃ/. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.
- ↑ Used in some loanwords from English, especially by younger speakers.
- ↑ ۸٫۰ ۸٫۱ /ð/ and /θ/, occurring in English loans, may be substituted with any of /d, z, v/ and /t, s, f/, respectively.
- ↑ Often replaced with /v/.
- ↑ In northern Germany, /ɛː/ often merges with /eː/ into [eː].
- ↑ ۱۱٫۰ ۱۱٫۱ As several other Germanic languages, Standard German has mid [ə] and open [ɐ] schwas. Care must be taken to clearly distinguish between the two. In English, the former appears in words such as balance, cannon and chairman and the latter variably in sofa, China (especially at the very end of utterance) and, in some dialects, also in ago and again, but one needs to remember that Standard German [ɐ] has no such free variation and is always open, just as [ə] is always mid. In some English dialects, an unstressed /ʌ/ in words such as frustration and justiciable is a perfect replacement for Standard German [ɐ]. Also, especially in southern Germany and Austria, /ɐ/ often merges with /a/ into [a].
- ↑ ۱۲٫۰ ۱۲٫۱ ۱۲٫۲ /o̯, u̯, y̑/ only occur in certain unadapted or partly unadapted loanwords.
- ↑ ۱۳٫۰ ۱۳٫۱ ۱۳٫۲ ۱۳٫۳ ۱۳٫۴ ۱۳٫۵ [e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in jedoch [jeˈdɔx], soeben [zoˈʔeːbn̩], vielleicht [fiˈlaɪçt] etc. In casual speech short [e, i, o, ø, u, y] preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e. , not a [ʔ]) may be replaced with [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ], e.g. [jɛˈdɔx], [fɪˈlaɪçt] ((Mangold 2005، ص. 65)).
- ↑ ۱۴٫۰ ۱۴٫۱ ۱۴٫۲ ۱۴٫۳ ۱۴٫۴ ۱۴٫۵ ۱۴٫۶ ۱۴٫۷ The nasal vowels occur in فرانسوی loans. They are long [ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː] when stressed and short [ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃] when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with [aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ] irrespective of length, and the [ŋ] in these sequences may optionally be همگونی (واج‌شناسی) to the جایگاه تولید of a following consonant, e.g. Ensemble [aŋˈsaŋbl̩] or [anˈsambl̩] for [ãˈsãːbl̩] ((Mangold 2005، ص. 65)).
- ↑ ۱۵٫۰ ۱۵٫۱ The diphthongs /ɛɪ, ɔʊ/ occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such as okay. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to [eː, oː] (or [e, o] in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned word okay can be pronounced as either [ɔʊˈkɛɪ] or [oˈkeː].
- ↑ The long vowel /ɔ:/ occurs only in English loanwords, and is often replaced with the native short /ɔ/ or long /o:/, according to the speaker and where it occurs in a word.
- ↑ [œːɐ̯] or [øːr] is the German rendering of the English NURSE vowel /[invalid input: 'ɜ:r']/ and the فرانسوی stressed [œʁ] ((Krech et al. 2009، صص. 64, 142)).
مراجع کلی و مورد ارجاع
[ویرایش]- Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Duden, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7