جدول میانبرهای صفحه کلید
در رایانش، میانبر صفحه کلید دنباله ای یا ترکیبی از فشردن کلیدهای صفحه کلید رایانه است که دستورهای نرم‌افزار را فراخوانی می‌کند.
بیشتر میانبرهای صفحه کلید از کاربر می‌خواهد که یک کلید یا دنباله ای از کلیدها را یکی پس از دیگری فشار دهد. سایر میانبرهای صفحه کلید نیاز دارد تا چندین کلید به‌طور همزمان فشار داده شده و نگه داشته شود. (در جدول‌های زیر علامت + نشان داده شده‌است). میانبرهای صفحه کلید ممکن است به چیدمان صفحه کلید بستگی داشته باشد.
مقایسه میانبرهای صفحه کلید
[ویرایش]میانبرهای صفحه کلید یکی از جنبه‌های رایج اکثر سیستم عامل‌های مدرن و نرم‌افزارهای مرتبط با آن است. استفاده از آنها آنقدر فراگیر است که برخی از کاربران آنها را عنصر مهمی از تعاملات معمول خود با رایانه می‌دانند.
میانبرهای عمومی
[ویرایش]نکته ای در مورد میانبرهای میزکار کی‌دی‌ئی این است که می‌توان آنها را تغییر داد و سیاههٔ زیر شامل پیکربندی پیش فرض است. برخی از ترکیبات برای نسخه‌های بومی‌سازی‌شدهٔ سیستم عامل‌ها صادق نیست. به عنوان مثال، در نسخه غیر انگلیسی ویندوز، منوی ویرایش همیشه به میانبر E مقید نیست. علاوه بر این، بسیاری از میانبرها (مانند ctrl+z) فقط قراردادهای رایج هستند و توسط سیستم عامل انجام نمی‌شوند. اینکه آیا چنین دستورهایی اجرا می‌شود (یا نه) بستگی به نحوه نوشتن یک برنامه کاربردی واقعی (مانند ویرایشگر) دارد. همه برنامه‌ها (همه‌ی) این قراردادها را دنبال نمی‌کنند، بنابراین اگر میانبر کار نمی‌کند، برنامه با این قرارداد سازگار نیست.
| رفتار | Windows | macOS | KDE / GNOME | Emacs | Vim | Chrome OS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File menu | Alt+F, or F10 then F | Ctrl+F2, then F | Alt+F | Meta+`, then f | Alt+f (gvim)
or Ctrl+e (vim + NERDTree) |
Ctrl+O |
| Edit menu | Alt+E | Ctrl+F2, then E | Alt+E | Meta+`, then e | Alt+e (gvim) | |
| View menu | Alt+V | Ctrl+F2, then V | Alt+V | |||
| Undo the last operation | Ctrl+Z, or
Alt+Backspace |
⌘ Cmd+Z | Ctrl+Z | Ctrl+x, then u or
Ctrl+/ or Alt+_ or Undo |
u | Ctrl+Z |
| Redo the last operation | Ctrl+Y, or Alt+Shift+Backspace | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Z | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Z, or Ctrl+Y | Same as undo, when undo is exhausted, it redoes. Move the cursor after one or more undos, and further undos will be redos. | Ctrl+r | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Z |
| Cut the selection and store it in the clipboard | Ctrl+X, or ⇧ Shift+Del | ⌘ Cmd+X | Ctrl+X | Ctrl+w | x
or "ax to cut in register "a" or "+x to cut in system clipboard |
Ctrl+X |
| Copy the selection into the clipboard | Ctrl+C, or Ctrl+Ins | ⌘ Cmd+C | Ctrl+C | Meta+w, or Ctrl+Ins | y
or "ay or "+y |
Ctrl+C |
| Paste contents of clipboard at cursor | Ctrl+V,or ⇧ Shift+Ins | ⌘ Cmd+V | Ctrl+V | Ctrl+y, or ⇧ Shift+Ins | p
or "ap to paste the content of the "a" register or "+p to paste the content of the system clipboard |
Ctrl+V |
| Paste special | ⊞ Win+V | Shift+Opt+Cmd+V | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V | Meta+y | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V |
| Select all in focused control or window | Ctrl+A | ⌘ Cmd+A | Ctrl+A | Ctrl+x, then h | ggVG, unlikely ever needed as most commands take an optional range parameter. % means "all in focused windows" here so e.g. to copy all the text, use :%y | Ctrl+A |
| Cycle through installed keyboard languages / input methods | Alt+⇧ Shift, or ⊞ Win+Space
The latter displays a menu with the currently selected input method highlighted, and debuted in Windows 8. |
Cmd+Space (not MBR)
Configure desired keypress in Keyboard and Mouse Preferences, Keyboard Shortcuts, Select the next source in Input menu. |
Ctrl+Alt+K via KDE Keyboard
Alt+⇧ Shift in GNOME |
Ctrl+\ | Ctrl+Space | |
| Ctrl+P | ⌘ Cmd+P | Ctrl+P | ||||
| Open Help Menu | F1 in GNOME | Ctrl+Alt+/ | ||||
| Windows Mobility Center | Windows 7: ⊞ Win+x
Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > b |
|||||
| PowerUser (WinX) Menu | Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x | |||||
| Restart Video Driver | Windows 10: Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⊞ Win+B |
ناوبری
[ویرایش]| رفتار | Windows | macOS | KDE / GNOME | Chrome OS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New browser window with same page as current | Ctrl+N
(for Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox) |
⌘ Cmd+T | Ctrl+N | Ctrl+click |
| New folder | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+N | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N | |
| Applications menu | ⊞ Win or
Ctrl+Esc |
Ctrl+F2, then "n" | Alt+<letter>
e.g. for File Alt+F |
Search |
| Lock desktop | ⊞ Win+L | Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Q (macOS High Sierra and greater)
or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject or MBR Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Pwr (If "Require password after sleep or screen saver" is enabled in "System Preferences — Security & Privacy") |
Ctrl+Alt+L | Power (Hold for 3 seconds) |
| Show desktop | ⊞ Win+D | F11 | Ctrl+Alt+D | |
| Access SysTray | ⊞ Win+B | |||
| Emoji Picker | ⊞ Win+. | Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Space | ||
| Minimize all windows | ⊞ Win+M, then use ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+M to bring back all windows | Ctrl+Super+D | ||
| Log out user | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Q | Ctrl+Alt+Delete | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Q (Twice) | |
| Switch active user | ⊞ Win+L | |||
| Task manager | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc,
Ctrl+Alt+Delete |
⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Esc | Ctrl+Esc | Search+Esc |
| Rename object | F2 | ↵ Enter or F2 | F2 | |
| Open file or program | ↵ Enter or ⇧ Shift+↵ Enter | ⌘ Cmd+O or ⌘ Cmd+↓ | ↵ Enter | |
| Switch window (next/previous) | Alt+Tab ↹ /
⇧ Shift+Alt+Tab ↹ |
⌘ Cmd+Tab ↹ /
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Tab ↹ |
Ctrl+Tab ↹ /
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ |
Hold Alt, then quickly press Tab ↹ |
| Switch window without dialog (next/previous) | Alt+Esc /
⇧ Shift+Alt+Esc |
Only works within single Applications
⌘ Cmd+` / ⌘ Cmd+~ |
Ctrl+Esc /
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc |
|
| Run application | ⊞ Win, enter executable name or
⊞ Win+R, enter executable name |
⌘ Cmd+Space, enter executable name or ⌘ Cmd+↓ | Alt+F2, enter executable name | |
| Search | ⊞ Win, enter executable name or
⊞ Win+S or F3 |
⌘ Cmd+Space | Search | |
| Show Hidden Files | Alt+V, then H, then H again, while in File Explorer, will toggle setting | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+., while in Finder, will toggle setting | Ctrl+F in GNOME, Alt+. in KDE |
مدیریت انرژی دستگاه
[ویرایش]| رفتار | Windows | macOS | KDE / GNOME | Chrome OS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Place computer into sleep/standby mode | Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > u > s
Windows 7: ⊞ Win+→+→+↵ Enter Sleep (available on some keyboards) |
⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject | Sleep (available on some keyboards, configurable in Control Panel ➢ Power Options ➢ Advanced tab dialog box) | |
| Task manager/Force quit | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc | ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Esc | Search+Esc | |
| Shut down computer | Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > u > u | Ctrl+⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject
(no confirmation, shutdown is immediate) |
Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageDown
(KDE; no confirmation, shutdown is immediate) (GNOME; there is no default shortcut) |
Power (Hold for 10 seconds) |
| Restart computer | Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > u > r
Windows 7: ⊞ Win+→+→+↑+↵ Enter |
Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Eject or Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Power
(no confirmation, restart is immediate) |
Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageUp
(KDE; no confirmation, restart is immediate) |
|
| Place display in sleep mode | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject | where is lined | ||
| Bring up power/sleep dialog box | Ctrl+Eject | |||
| Force shutdown | Power (Hold for several seconds) | ⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject | refresh+power |
تصویربرداری از صفحه
[ویرایش]| رفتار | Windows | macOS | KDE / GNOME |
|---|---|---|---|
| Save screenshot of entire screen as file | ⊞ Win+Print Screen | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3 | Print Screen set the name and click "Save". GNOME Shell |
| Copy screenshot of entire screen to clipboard | ⊞ Win+Print Screen or Print Screen | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3 | Ctrl+Print Screen |
| Copy screenshot of active window to clipboard | Alt+Print Screen | Ctrl+Alt+Print Screen | |
| Save screenshot of window as file | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space then move mouse and click | Alt+Print Screen set the name and click "Save". GNOME | |
| Save screenshot of arbitrary area as file | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then click+drag mouse over required area | ⇧ Shift+Print Screen set the name and click "Save". GNOME | |
| Copy screenshot of window to clipboard | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space then move mouse and click | Alt+Print Screen click "Copy to Clipboard". GNOME | |
| Copy screenshot of arbitrary area to clipboard (Snip) | Windows 10: ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+S | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then click+drag mouse over required area | ⇧ Shift+Print Screen click "Copy to Clipboard". GNOME |
| Screencasting | Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+R | ||
| Screenshot Utility | macOS Mojave: ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+5 |
ویرایش متن
[ویرایش]| رفتار | Windows | macOS | KDE / GNOME | Emacs | Vim | Chrome OS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delete char to the right of cursor | Del or
Fn+← Backspace |
Del or
Fn+← Backspace |
Del | Ctrl+d | x | Alt+← Backspace or Search+← Backspace or Del |
| Delete word to the right of cursor | Ctrl+Del | ⌥ Opt+Del or
⌥ Opt+Fn+← Backspace |
Ctrl+Del | Meta+d | dw(delete space too)or
de (keep space) |
Ctrl+Search+← Backspace |
| Delete word to the left of cursor | Ctrl+← Backspace | ⌥ Opt+← Backspace | Ctrl+← Backspace | Ctrl+← Backspace or
Meta+← Backspace |
dge(delete space too)or
db (keep space) |
Ctrl+← Backspace |
| Go to start of line | Home or
Fn+← |
⌘ Cmd+← or
Ctrl+A |
Home | Ctrl+a or
Home |
^(go to first non-space) or0(go to column 0) | Search+← |
| Go to end of line | End or
Fn+→ |
⌘ Cmd+→ or
Ctrl+E |
End | Ctrl+e or
End |
$ | Search+→ |
| Go to start of document | Ctrl+Home | ⌘ Cmd+↑ | Ctrl+Home | Meta+< or
Ctrl+Home |
gg | Ctrl+Search+← |
| Go to end of document | Ctrl+End | ⌘ Cmd+↓ | Ctrl+End | Meta+> or
Ctrl+End |
G | Ctrl+Search+→ |
| Go to previous word | Ctrl+← or
Ctrl+/ |
⌥ Opt+← | Ctrl+← | Meta+b or
Ctrl+← or Meta+← |
b or
ge |
Ctrl+← |
| Go to next word | Ctrl+→ | ⌥ Opt+→ | Ctrl+→ | Meta+f or
Ctrl+→ or Meta+→ |
w or e | Ctrl+→ |
| Go to previous line | ↑ | ↑ or
Ctrl+p |
↑ | Ctrl+p or ↑ | k or ↑ | ↑ |
| Go to next line | ↓ | ↓ or
Ctrl+n |
↓ | Ctrl+n or ↓ | j or ↓ | ↓ |
| Go to previous line break (paragraph) | Ctrl+↑ | ⌥ Opt+↑ | Ctrl+↑
(kword or GNOME) |
Meta+( or Control+↑ | ( | |
| Go to next line break | Ctrl+↓ | ⌥ Opt+↓ | Ctrl+↓
(kword or GNOME) |
Meta+} or
Control+↓ |
) | |
| Move the cursor down the length of the viewport | Page Down | ⌥ Opt+⇟ or
⌥ Opt+Fn+↓ |
Page Down | Ctrl+v or
Page Down |
Ctrl+f or
Page Down |
|
| Move the cursor up the length of the viewport | Page Up | ⌥ Opt+⇞ or
⌥ Opt+Fn+↑ |
Page Up | Meta+v or
Page Up |
Ctrl+b or
Page Up |
|
| Find | Ctrl+F | ⌘ Cmd+F
⌘ Cmd+E (Search with current selection) |
Ctrl+F
Ctrl+K (GNOME; interactive search) |
Ctrl+s | / | Ctrl+F |
| Go to next search result | F3 | ⌘ Cmd+G | Ctrl+G (GNOME) or
F3 (KDE) |
Ctrl+s | n | |
| Go to previous search result | ⇧ Shift+F3 | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+G | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+G (GNOME) or
⇧ Shift+F3 (KDE) |
Ctrl+r | N | |
| Search and replace | Ctrl+H | ⌘ Cmd+F | Ctrl+H (GNOME) or
Ctrl+R (KDE) |
Meta+% | %s/fosh/fish/gc | |
| Search with a regular expression | Ctrl+Meta+s | All searches use regular expressions. | ||||
| Search and replace with a regular expression | Ctrl+Meta+% |
قالب بندی متن
[ویرایش]| رفتار | Windows WordPad | macOS | KDE / GNOME | Emacs | Vim |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bold | Ctrl+B | ⌘ Cmd+B | Ctrl+B | Meta+o, then b | |
| Underline | Ctrl+U | ⌘ Cmd+U | Ctrl+U | Meta+o, then u | |
| Italic | Ctrl+I | ⌘ Cmd+I | Ctrl+I | Meta+o, then i | |
| Uppercase / Lowercase | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+A | ⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+C | ⇧ Shift+F3 | Meta+u for upper,
Meta+l for lower, Meta+c for capitalized. |
gU for upper, gu for lower, ~ to toggle. |
| Superscript | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+= | Ctrl+⌘ Cmd++ (some applications only) | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+P | ||
| Subscript | Ctrl+= | Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+- (some applications only) | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+B | ||
| Selected text larger/smaller | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+>, Ctrl+⇧ Shift+<
or Ctrl+[, Ctrl/core+] |
⌥ Opt+⇧ Shift+>
⌥ Opt+⇧ Shift+< |
|||
| Selected text Bullets or Numbered Items | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+L | ||||
| Insert Linebreak | Ctrl+↵ Enter | ⌥ Opt+↵ Enter | Ctrl+↵ Enter | ||
| Insert Unicode | Alt+X + character codepoint | Alt + character codepoint (must be enabled as input source) | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+U + character codepoint | Ctrl+v+u + character codepoint | Ctrl+X+8 + character codepoint |
مرورکننده‌ها / منوی "برو به"
[ویرایش]| رفتار | Windows | macOS | KDE / GNOME | Chrome OS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Go to Address Bar | Ctrl+L / F6 / Alt+D, Alt+C or Alt+E
depending on language |
⌘ Cmd+L or ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+G | Ctrl+L or Alt+D or F6 | Ctrl+L or Alt+D |
| Go to the previous location in history | Alt+← or ← Backspace | ⌘ Cmd+[ or ⌘ Cmd+← | Alt+← | ← |
| Go to the next location in history | Alt+→ or ⇧ Shift+← Backspace (web browser only) | ⌘ Cmd+] or ⌘ Cmd+→ | Alt+→ | → |
| Go up one level in the navigation hierarchy | Alt+↑ (Vista, 7, 8 or 10 only) or ← Backspace (Windows Explorer) | ⌘ Cmd+↑ | Alt+↑ | |
| Go to the starting page defined by the user or application | Alt+Home | ⌘ Cmd+Home | Ctrl+Home (KDE) /
Alt+Home (GNOME) |
مرورگرهای وب
[ویرایش]| رفتار | Windows | macOS | KDE / GNOME | Emacs-w3m | Vimperator | Chrome OS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bookmarks menu | Ctrl+B | ⌘ Cmd+B
(Firefox) |
Alt+B | v | :bmarks | |
| URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .com) | Ctrl+↵ Enter | ⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter (Firefox) or
Ctrl+↵ Enter (Chrome) |
Ctrl+↵ Enter | Ctrl+↵ Enter | ||
| URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .org) | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter (Firefox) | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter | ||||
| URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .net) | ⇧ Shift+↵ Enter (Firefox) | ⇧ Shift+↵ Enter | ||||
| Add bookmark for current page | Ctrl+D | ⌘ Cmd+D | Ctrl+B /
Ctrl+D |
a | :bmark | Ctrl+D |
| Add bookmark for current link | Meta+a | |||||
| Manage bookmarks | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+O (Microsoft Edge)
or Ctrl+B (Internet Explorer) |
⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+B (Chrome/Safari) or
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+B (Firefox) |
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R /
Ctrl+B |
|||
| Focus and select Web search bar | Ctrl+E | ⌘ Cmd+E (Opera) or
⌘ Cmd+K (Firefox) or ⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+F (Safari) |
Ctrl+k | t (open in a new tab) or
T (open in current tab) |
Ctrl+E or Ctrl+K | |
| Focus and select address bar | Ctrl+L or
F6 or Alt+D |
⌘ Cmd+L | Ctrl+L or
Alt+D or F6 |
g | O to alter URL,
use y to copy it. |
Ctrl+L or Alt+D |
| Refresh a webpage | Fn+F5 or
Ctrl+R |
⌘ Cmd+R | F5 or
Ctrl+R |
R | r | ⟲ or Ctrl+R |
| Refresh a webpage ignoring cache | Ctrl+F5 or
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R |
⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+E then ⌘ Cmd+R | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+F5 or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R | R | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R | |
| Open a new window | Ctrl+N | ⌘ Cmd+N
(Chrome) |
Ctrl+N | :winopen | Ctrl+N | |
| Zoom Options
(zoom in / zoom out / zoom 100%) |
Ctrl++ /
Ctrl+- / Ctrl+0 |
⌘ Cmd++ /
⌘ Cmd+- / ⌘ Cmd+0 |
Ctrl++ /
Ctrl+- / Ctrl+0 |
zi / zo / zz (text only)
or zI / zO / zZ (text and images) |
مدیریت برگه‌ها
[ویرایش]| رفتار | Windows | macOS | KDE / GNOME | Emacs-w3m | Vimperator | Chrome OS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New tab | Ctrl+T | ⌘ Cmd+T | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N or
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T or Ctrl+T |
Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+t | t | Ctrl+T |
| Close tab | Ctrl+W | ⌘ Cmd+W | Ctrl+W Firefox & Opera & Chrome & GNOME Web & Midori
Ctrl+F4 Firefox & Opera & Chrome |
d | Ctrl+W | |
| Close all tabs but the current one | ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+T (Safari) | Ctrl+c, then Meta+w | ||||
| Go to next tab | Ctrl+Tab ↹ | Ctrl+Tab ↹ or
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+→ (Safari) |
Ctrl+PageDown or
Ctrl+Tab ↹ or Ctrl+. |
Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+n | gt | Ctrl+Tab ↹ |
| Go to previous tab | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ or
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+← (Safari) |
Ctrl+PageUp or
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ or Ctrl+, |
Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+p | gT | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ |
| Go to tab-n | Ctrl+n
(Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer) |
⌘ Cmd+n (Chrome) | Alt+n (Chrome, Firefox) or
Ctrl+n (Chrome) |
First tab: g0
Last tab: g$ |
Ctrl+b | |
| Open a previously closed tab | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T | ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+T(Firefox, Opera, Chrome) | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T
(Firefox, Opera, Chrome) |
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T (Firefox) | u | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T |
| Open a previously closed window | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N (Firefox) | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T |
مدیریت پنجره
[ویرایش]| رفتار | Windows | macOS | KDE | GNOME | Emacs | Chrome OS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close the current internet tab | Ctrl+W | ⌘ Cmd+F11 | Ctrl+W | |||
| Force window mode (Application requires functionality for set action) | 0+↵ Enter | ⌥ Opt+Alt+↵ Enter or ⌥ Option+Alt+F or ⌘ Cmd+F or ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Option+F | ||||
| Pop up window menu | Alt+Space | Alt+F3 | Alt+Space | Meta+`, then b | ||
| Close the focused window | Alt+F4 or Alt+Space then C | ⌘ Cmd+W | Alt+F4 | Alt+F4 | Ctrl+x, then k | Ctrl+W |
| Close all windows of current application | ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+W | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+W | ||||
| Restore the focused window to its previous size | Alt+Space then R | Alt+F3 then X | Alt+F5 | Ctrl+x, then r, then j, then letter of the window state register. | ||
| Move the focused window | Alt+Space then M then Arrow Keys and ↵ Enter (to save new location) | Alt+Mouse /
Alt+F3 then M then Arrow Keys |
Alt+Mouse /
Alt+F7 then Arrow Keys |
|||
| Resize the focused window | Alt+Space then S then Arrow Keys and ↵ Enter (to save new size) | Alt+F3 then S then Arrow Keys | Alt+F8 then Arrow Keys / Alt+Right Mouse Button | Ctrl+x, then ^ vertically | Alt+] (snap window to right half of screen), Alt+[ (snap window to left half of screen) | |
| Keep window always on top | Ctrl+Alt+Esc (toggles on/off) | |||||
| Hide the focused window | ⌘ Cmd+H | Meta+x, then bury-buffer, then ↵ Enter | ||||
| Hide all except the focused window | ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Option+H | |||||
| Put the focused window furthest back (in tab order and Z axis) | Alt+Esc | |||||
| Minimize the focused window | Alt+Space then N or ⊞ Win+↓ (Windows Vista Home Premium, Windows 7+) | ⌘ Cmd+M | Alt+F3 then N | Alt+F9 | Meta+x, then bury-buffer, then ↵ Enter | Alt+- |
| Maximize the focused window | Alt+Space then X or ⊞ Win+↑ (Windows 7+) | ⌘ Cmd+L | Alt+F3 then X | Alt+F10 | Ctrl+x, then 1 | Alt++ |
| Maximize horizontally | Available, but no default | Available, but no default | ||||
| Maximize vertically | ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↑ (Windows 7+) | Available ('Zoom'), but no default | Available, but no default | Available, but no default | ||
| Minimize all | ⊞ Win+M or ⊞ Win+D | ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+M | Available, but no default | Ctrl+Alt+D | ||
| Minimize all non focused windows | ⊞ Win+Home (Windows 7+) | Available, but no default | ||||
| Undo minimize all | ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+M | Available, but no default | Ctrl+Alt+D | |||
| Switch fullscreen/normal size | F11 or ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter (UWP apps only) | ⌘ Cmd+Ctrl+F | F11 | F11 | Fullscreen | |
| Show the window in full screen mode, with no border, menubar, toolbar or statusbar | Depends on application, system default: ⌘ Cmd+Ctrl+F | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+F | Ctrl+F11 | |||
| Rollup/down window | Available, but no default | Alt+F12 | ||||
| Show all open windows | ⊞ Win+Tab ↹ | F3 or
F9 or Fn+F9 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner |
⊞ Win works per desktop on Gnome 3+ | Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b | ||
| Show all windows of current application | ⊞ Win+Tab ↹ | Ctrl+F3 or
F10 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner |
Ctrl+` | Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b | ||
| Show all workspaces | ⊞ Win+Tab ↹ (Windows 10) | F8 or
Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner |
⊞ Win then mouse over the desktop bar on the right edge of the screen | |||
| Move window to left/right/up/down workspace | ⊞ Win+←/→ (Windows 7+) | Available, but no default | Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+← / → / ↑ / ↓ | |||
| Move window between multiple monitors | ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+←/→ (Windows 7+) | Alt+Search+m | ||||
| Move window to workspace n | Available, but no default | |||||
| Switch to next/previous workspace list | Available, but no default | |||||
| Go to workspace n | Ctrl+n | Ctrl+Fn | ||||
| Go to left/right/up/down workspace | Ctrl+← /
Ctrl+→ / Ctrl+↑ / Ctrl+↓ (OS X 10.5 to 10.6), Ctrl+← / Ctrl+→ (OS X 10.7 and later) |
Available, but no default | Ctrl+Alt+← /
→ / ↑ / ↓ |
|||
| Quit application of current window | Alt+F4 or Ctrl+F4 varies | ⌘ Cmd+Q | Ctrl+Alt+Esc | q | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+W | |
| Close dialog | Esc (Laptop)
⊞ Win+↓+F4 (Desktop) |
Esc | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+W | |||
| Open/Focus (preview) pinned program on the taskbar | ⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows Taskbar (Windows 7+) | Alt+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Shelf | ||||
| Open new program window of pinned program in Quick Launch | ⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Quick Launch toolbar (Windows Vista, 7+) | ⌘ Cmd+A+⇧ Shift | Alt+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Shelf | |||
| Open new program window of the pinned program on the taskbar (if program is already opened) | ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows Taskbar (Windows 7+) | Alt+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Shelf | ||||
| Focus the first taskbar entry; pressing again will cycle through them | ⊞ Win+T, then ←→ back and forth; hold ⇧ Shift to cycle backwards (Windows 7+) | |||||
| Peek at the desktop | ⊞ Win+Space (Windows 7)
⊞ Win+Comma (Windows 8+) |
⌘ Cmd+F3 or
F11 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner |
||||
| Bring gadgets to the front of the Z-order and cycle between gadgets | ⊞ Win+G (Windows Vista,7) or ⊞ Win+Space (Vista only, no cycling) | |||||
| External display options (mirror, extend desktop, etc.) | ⊞ Win+P (Windows 7+) | Ctrl+Fullscreen |
ناوبری رابط کاربری (ابزارک‌ها و کنترل‌ها)
[ویرایش]| رفتار | Windows | macOS | KDE | GNOME |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moves keyboard focus to next/previous control | Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ | Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ | Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ | Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
Ctrl+Tab ↹ / Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ |
| Pop up tooltip for currently focused control | ⇧ Shift+F1 | Ctrl+F1 | ||
| Show context-sensitive help for currently focused window or control | ⇧ Shift+F1 | ⌘ Cmd+? | ⇧ Shift+F1 | ⇧ Shift+F1 |
| Give focus to next/previous pane | Ctrl+F6 / Alt+F6 | ⌘ Cmd+` | F6 / ⇧ Shift+F6 | |
| Give focus to splitter bar in paned window | F8 | |||
| Give focus to window's menu bar | F10 or Alt | ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+/, then type command name, or
Ctrl+F2 (or Fn+Ctrl+F2 on some keyboards) |
Alt | F10 |
| Pop up contextual menu for currently selected objects (aka context menu) | ⇧ Shift+F10 or ≣ Menu | Varies with laptop / extended keyboard type; enable Mouse keys in Universal Access, then Fn+Ctrl+5 or
Ctrl+5 (numeric keypad) or Function+Ctrl+I (laptop) |
≣ Menu | ≣ Menu or ⇧ Shift+F10 |
| Toggle selected state of focused checkbox, radio button, or toggle button | Space | Space | Space | Space |
| Activate focused button, menu item etc. | ↵ Enter | Space (also ↵ Enter for menu items) | ↵ Enter | ↵ Enter |
| Expand a drop-down list | F4 or Alt+↓ | |||
| Select/move to first/last item in selected widget | Home / End | Home / End | ||
| Scroll selected view by one page up/left/down/right | ⇞ / ⇟
(or Fn+↑ / Fn+↓ on some keyboards) |
PageUp / Ctrl+PageUp /
PageDown / Ctrl+PageDown | ||
| Scroll selected view to top/bottom | ↖ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↖
↘ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↘ |
|||
| Switch focus to the next/previous tab within a window | Ctrl+Tab ↹ | Ctrl+Tab ↹ /
⌘ Cmd+` |
Ctrl+Tab ↹ ->
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ <- | |
| Switch focus to the next/previous panel on the desktop | Ctrl+Alt+Tab ↹ / Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ | |||
| Switch focus to the next/previous panel (without dialog) | Ctrl+Alt+Esc /
Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+Esc |
میانبرهای خط فرمان
[ویرایش]| رفتار | Microsoft Windows
(cmd.exe) |
Microsoft Windows
(Windows PowerShell) |
Unix & -like, including macOS
(bash) |
Unix & -like
(POSIX shell) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scroll through History of typed commands | ↑/↓ | ↑/↓ | ↑/↓ or Ctrl+P/Ctrl+N | ESC K / ESC J |
| Signal end-of-file | Ctrl+Z | Ctrl+D | ||
| Abort current command/typing | Ctrl+C | Ctrl+C | Ctrl+C | Ctrl+C |
| Erase word to the left | Ctrl+← Backspace | Ctrl+← Backspace | Ctrl+W or Esc+← Backspace | |
| Erase word to the right | Ctrl+Delete | Ctrl+Delete | Alt+D | |
| Erase line to the left | Ctrl+Home | Ctrl+Home | Ctrl+U | |
| Erase line to the right | Ctrl+End | Ctrl+End | Ctrl+K | |
| Yank/paste previously erased string | Ctrl+Y | |||
| Move one word to the left (backward) | Ctrl+← | Ctrl+← | Alt+B | |
| Move one word to the right (forward) | Ctrl+→ | Ctrl+→ | Alt+F | |
| Move to beginning of line | Home | Home | Ctrl+A
or Home |
|
| Move to end of line | End | End | Ctrl+E
or End |
|
| Reverse search of history | F8 | F8 | Ctrl+R | |
| Pause execution of the current job | Ctrl+Z | |||
| Insert the next character typed verbatim | Ctrl+V | |||
| Autocomplete command/file name | Tab ↹ (enabled by default in Windows XP and later) | Tab ↹ | Tab ↹ (usually once) | Esc (usually twice) |
| Paste contents of clipboard at cursor | Alt+Space then E then P | Ctrl+V | ⇧ Shift+Ins | |
| Scroll window up | ⇧ Shift+PageUp (may not work in some versions of Windows XP) | PageUp | ⇧ Shift+PageUp | |
| Scroll window down | ⇧ Shift+PageDown (may not work in some versions of Windows XP) | PageDown | ⇧ Shift+PageDown | |
| Clear screen | Ctrl+L |
میانبرهای خط فرمان
[ویرایش]| رفتار | Microsoft Windows
(cmd.exe) |
Microsoft Windows
(Windows PowerShell) |
Unix & -like, including macOS
(bash) |
Unix & -like
(POSIX shell) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scroll through History of typed commands | ↑/↓ | ↑/↓ | ↑/↓ or Ctrl+P/Ctrl+N | ESC K / ESC J | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Signal end-of-file | Ctrl+Z | Ctrl+D | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abort current command/typing | Ctrl+C | Ctrl+C | Ctrl+C | Ctrl+C | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Erase word to the left | Ctrl+← Backspace | Ctrl+← Backspace | Ctrl+W or Esc+← Backspace | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Erase word to the right | Ctrl+Delete | Ctrl+Delete | Alt+D | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Erase line to the left | Ctrl+Home | Ctrl+Home | Ctrl+U | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Erase line to the right | Ctrl+End | Ctrl+End | Ctrl+K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yank/paste previously erased string | Ctrl+Y | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Move one word
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