پرش به محتوا

فهرست کهنسال‌ترین درختان

از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
پاندو، کلونی ۸۰ هزار ساله صنوبر آسپن، قدیمی‌ترین درخت تاگی شناخته، واقع در یوتا، ایالات متحده آمریکا
سرو ابرکوه، کهنسال‌ترین جاندار آسیا، در استان یزد، ایران

چنانچه در منابع پذیرفته گزارش شده‌است، این فهرستی از کهنسال‌ترین درختان شناخته شده‌است. تعریف‌هایی که از تک‌درختان ناوابسته شده گوناگون است. افزون بر این، سن درختان از روش‌های گوناگونی به دست می‌آید؛ مانند نمونه‌برداری با بهره از روش درخت‌گاه‌شماری یا برآوردهای آماری. برای همین، این مقاله سه فهرست از کهنسال‌ترین درختان را به دست می‌دهد که هر یک از آنها معیارهای گوناگونی را می‌سنجند.

سه نمودار از گروه درخت، وجود دارد که بر پایه سن و گونه‌ها فهرست شده‌اند. نمودار نخست درختانی را در بر می‌گیرد که کمینه سن آنها به روش مستقیم - یا از راه درخت‌گاه‌شماری یا برپایه تاریخ‌گذاری رادیوکربن اندازه‌گیری شده‌است. ممکن است بسیاری از این درختان حتی کهنسال‌تر از سن یاد شده باشند، اما بخش چوبی کهن‌تر این درختان از میان رفته‌است. برای برخی از درختان کهن‌سال، کانون درختی به اندازه‌ای از دست رفته‌است که سن آنها به‌طور مستقیم تعیین نمی‌شود. در عوض، برآوردها بر پایه اندازه درخت و نرخ رشد فرضی انجام می‌شود. نمودار دوم درختانی را با این سن‌های تخمینی در بر می‌گیرد. واپسین نمودار پرگنهٔ تاگی را نشان می‌دهد که در آن ممکن است هیچ درختچه‌ای جداگانه چندان کهنسال نباشد، اما برآیند آنها، سراسر تاگ را به عنوان یکایی کهنسال بازمی‌شناساند.

رکورد داران فعلی برای درختان غیر کلونی فردی، کاج‌های بریستلون Great Basin از کالیفرنیا و نوادا، ایالات متحده هستند. با استفاده از مراجعه به حلقه‌های درخت، تقریباً پنج هزار سال قدمت نشان داده شده‌اند.

پرگنه‌ی تاگی می‌تواند خیلی طولانی‌تر از یک درخت مجزا زنده بماند. مستعمره‌ای از ۴۷۰۰۰ درخت صنوبر آسپن (ملقب به پاندو)، ۱۰۶ جریب فرنگی (۴۳ هکتار) پوشش می‌دهد ۱۰۶ جریب فرنگی (۴۳ هکتار) در جنگل ملی Fishlake یوتا، یکی از قدیمی‌ترین و بزرگ‌ترین ارگانیسم‌های جهان به حساب می‌آید. این پرگنه قدمت ۸۰ هزار ساله تخمین زده شده‌است، اگر چه نمونه حلقه‌های درختی به صورت تک درخت، در سطح زمین، درختان فقط به‌طور متوسط حدود ۱۳۰ سال قدمت دارند.[۱][۲][۳][۴] مستعمره درختان کاج هوون با پوشش ۲٫۵ جریب فرنگی (۱٫۰ هکتار) در کوه خوانده (تاسمانیا) حدود ۱۰٬۰۰۰ سال قدمت تخمین زده می‌شود، همان‌طور که با نمونه‌های DNA گرفته شده از گرده جمع‌آوری‌شده از رسوب یک دریاچه در مجاورت تعیین می‌شود. درختان انفرادی در این گروه قدمت بیش از ۴۰۰۰ سال را ندارند که طبق نمونه‌های حلقه درخت مشخص می‌شود.[۵]

تک درخت‌ها با سن تأیید شده

[ویرایش]

! style="width:10%;" |نام ! style="width:5%;" |سن (بر حسب سال) ! style="width:22.5%;" |گونه‌ها ! style="width:10%;" |مکان ! style="width:12.5%;" |کشور ! style="width:40%;" |توضیح

Name Age
(years) 		Year Germinated Species Location Country Notes
Prometheus
(WPN-114)		 4,900+ 2,900+ BCE Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		 Wheeler Peak, Nevada United States Cut down by Donald Rusk Currey in 1964.[۶]
Methuselah ۴,۸۵۶[nb ۱] 2,832 BCE Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		 White Mountains (California) United States It is the oldest known living (non-clonal) tree in the world.[۸]
Alerce Milenario or Gran Abuelo ۳,۶۵۳–5,484 1,630+ BCE Patagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides		 Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos Chile Alive.[۸][۹] New unconfirmed estimation of 5,484 years would make it the oldest (non-clonal) tree in the world.[۱۰] Located within Alerce Costero National Park.[۱۱]
CBR26 3,266 1,245 BCE Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[۸]
D-21 3,220 1,199 BCE Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[۸]
D-23 3,075 1,054 BCE Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[۸]
CMC 3 3,033 1,012 BCE Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[۸]
Scofield Juniper 2,675 654 BCE Sierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[۱۲]		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[۸]
BLK227 ۲,۶۴۹ 626 BCE Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Three Sisters Cove, Black River (North Carolina) United States [۱۳]
CB-90-11 ۲,۴۶۷ 443 BCE Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine
Pinus aristata		 Central Colorado United States [۸][۱۴]
Panke Baobab 2,419 398 BCE African baobab
Adansonia digitata		 Matabeleland North Zimbabwe Died in 2011; the oldest non-clonal angiosperm ever documented.[۱۵]
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi ۲,۳۱۰ 287 BCE Sacred fig
Ficus religiosa		 Anuradhapura, North Central Province Sri Lanka A sapling claimed to be from the Bodhi tree, the legendary tree under which the Buddha is said to have become enlightened. It was brought to its current location and planted at around 288 BCE by Sanghamitra, daughter of Emperor Ashoka. It is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.[۱۶]
? 2,230 209 BCE Qilian juniper
Juniperus przewalskii		 Delingha, Qinghai Province China [۸]
? 2,200 179 BCE Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens		 Northern California United States Dead.[۸]
Bennett Juniper 2,200 179 BCE Sierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[۱۲]		 Sierra Nevada, California United States [۸]
SHP 7 2,110 89 BCE Foxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana		 Sierra Nevada California United States [۸]
BLK232 2,089 68 BCE Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Three Sisters Cove, Black River (North Carolina) United States [۱۳]
? ۱,۹۵۰ 74 Subalpine larch
Larix lyallii		 Kananaskis, Alberta Canada [۸][۱۷]
CRE 175 1,889 133 Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum		 Northern New Mexico United States [۸]
Miles Juniper ۱,۸۳۶ 189 Sierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[نیازمند منبع]		 Sierra Nevada, California United States [۸][۱۸]
Jōmon Sugi ۱,۸۱۳ 212 Sugi
Cryptomeria japonica		 Yakushima Island Japan [۱۹]
KET 3996 ۱,۷۲۶ 298 Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		 Ketchum, Idaho United States [۸][۲۰]
BFR-46 1,697 325 Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		 Wasatch Mountains, Utah United States [۸]
FL117 ۱,۶۸۶ 339 Northern whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis		 Ontario Canada [۸][۲۱]
ERE 1,670 352 Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		 Northern New Mexico United States [۸]
RCR 1 1,666 356 Foxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana		 Sierra Nevada, California United States [۸]
? 1,661 361 Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		 South Park (Park County, Colorado) United States [۸]
BBL 2 1,649 373 Foxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana		 Sierra Nevada, California United States [۸]
BCK 69 ۱,۶۵۸ 376 Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Bladen County, North Carolina United States [۸][۲۲]
? 1,636 386 Nootka cypress
Callitropsis nootkatensis		 Vancouver Island Canada [۸]
FL101 1,567 455 Northern whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis		 Ontario Canada [۸]
? 1,542 480 Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		 Central Colorado United States [۸]
Italus ۱,۲۳۶ 788 Heldreich's pine
Pinus heldreichii		 Pollino National Park Italy Alive. Oldest tree in Europe with verified age (radiocarbon calibrated tree-ring procedure).[۲۳]

درختان قدیمی با سن تخمین زده شده

[ویرایش]

توجه: قدمت درختان موجود در این لیست بر اساس حدس و گمان و احتمالاً غیرقابل اعتماد است. ! style="width:10%;" |نام ! style="width:5%;" |سن (بر حسب سال) ! style="width:20%;" |گونه‌ها ! style="width:10%;" |مکان ! style="width:10%;" |کشور ! style="width:40%;" |توضیح

Note: The ages of the trees in this list are speculative and only serve as estimates.

Name Age
(years)		 Species Location Country Notes
"The Sisters" or "Sisters Olive Trees of Noah" 6,000[۲۴] Olive
Olea europaea 		Bchaaleh, North Governorate Lebanon Folk legend also ascribes The Sisters as the source of the olive branch returned to Noah's Ark at the waning of the Biblical Flood.[۲۵][۲۶][۲۷] The trees still produce olives.
Alerce Milenario or Gran Abuelo 5,484 Patagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides } 		Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos Chile A new 2022 estimation of 5,484 years expands on a previous minimum age based on incomplete tree rings of ۳,۶۵۳.[۱۰][۱۱]
?[nb ۲] ۵,۰۷۶ Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		 White Mountains (California) United States Tree cored by Edmund Schulman, age determined by Tom Harlan. However, core is missing and date is unconfirmed.[۸][۲۸]
Llangernyw Yew 4,000–5,000 Common yew
Taxus baccata		 Llangernyw, Conwy United Kingdom Girth of 10.75 m. Situated in the churchyard of St Dygain's Church in Llangernyw village, Wales. One of the 50 Great British Trees.
Sarv-e Abarkuh 4,500 Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens		 Abarkuh, Yazd Iran Also called "Zoroastrian Sarv".[۲۹][۳۰]
Gümeli Porsuğu 4,115 Yew
Taxus baccata		 Zonguldak Turkey Alive, found in 2016.[۳۱][۳۲]
The Ancient Yew 4,000 Yew
Taxus baccata		 Tisbury, Wiltshire United Kingdom 37 feet in circumference. Situated in the churchyard of St John's, Tisbury. Carbon dated by David Bellamy.[۳۳]
The Senator 3,500 Pond cypress
Taxodium ascendens		 Longwood, Florida United States Died in January 2012 from human-caused fire.[۳۴][۳۵]
Oliveira do Mouchão (KNJ1/601) 3,350 European olive tree

Olea europea L. var. europaea

Mouriscas, Abrantes Portugal Alive.[۳۶][۳۷]
Great Camphor of Takeo 3000+ Cinnamomum camphora
"Camphor Tree"		 Takeo, Saga Japan A large Camphor tree reputed to be over 3,000 years old.[۳۸] Worshipped at a Shinto shrine dedicated to the tree, dating back to the 700s C.E.[۳۹] Alive.
The President 3,200 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Alive.
Fortingall Yew 3,000 Common yew
Taxus baccata		 Fortingall, Perthshire United Kingdom Alive. Possibly the oldest tree in Britain.[۴۰][۴۱][نیازمند شفاف‌سازی]
Alishan Sacred Tree 3,000 Formosan cypress
Chamaecyparis formosensis		 Alishan National Scenic Area, Chiayi Taiwan Collapsed on July 1, 1997, following heavy rainstorms.[۴۲]
S'Ozzastru 3,000–4,000 Olive
Olea europaea		 Luras, Sardinia Italy [۴۳]
Patriarca da Floresta [pt] 3,020 Jequitibá-rosa

Cariniana legalis

Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, São Paulo Brazil Alive. Probably the oldest non-conifer in Brazil. Its name translates as "Patriarch of the Forest". Located at the Vassununga State Park.[۴۴]
Raintree 3,000 Great Basin bristlecone pine Spring Mountains, Nevada United States Great Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada, USA. Estimated 3000 years old but never cored.
Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia [Wikidata] 2,850 Olive
Olea europaea		 Santa Iria de Azóia [pt], Loures, Lisbon Portugal Magnificent Olive tree, probably the last one from a large olive grove. Studied by UTAD University and now classified "Public interest tree" by the Portuguese National Forest Authority; Tree ID[۴۵]
Mother of the Forest 2,520 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, Calaveras Big Trees State Park, California United States Dead.
Sarv Zibad 2,500 Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens		 Sarv Zibad, Khorasan Iran Also called "holly Sarv".[۲۹][۳۰]
General Sherman 2,300–2,700 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum 		Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, California United States Alive with a height of 83.8 meters (275 ft), a diameter of 11 m (36 ft) at its base, and an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m3 (52,513 cu ft), it is the largest known living single-stem tree, and among the tallest, widest, and longest-lived of all trees on the planet.[۴۶][۴۷]
Kayano Ōsugi 2,300 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		 Yamanaka Onsen, Ishikawa Japan Girth of 9.6 m. One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in a Shinto shrine. Its name translates as "Great Sugi of Kayano".
Oliveira de Santa Luzia 2,210 Olive
Olea europaea		 Santa Luzia, Tavira, Algarve Portugal Alive.[۴۸]
Jōmon Sugi 2,170–7,200 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		 Yakushima Japan Girth of 16.4 m. Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk. Its name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory.[۴۹][۵۰][۵۱]
Koca Katran 2,022 Lebanon cedar
Cedrus libani		 Antalya Turkey Alive.[۵۲]
Ballyconnell Yew 2,000–5,000 Yew
Taxus baccata		 Ballyconnell, Annagh Ireland Oldest tree in Ireland.[نیازمند منبع]
Elia Vouvon 2,000–5,000 Olive
Olea europaea		 Kolymvari, Crete Greece Its name translates as "Olive Tree of Vouves".[۵۳]
Castagnu dê Centu Cavaddi 2,000–4,000 Sweet chestnut
Castanea sativa		 Sicily Italy Its name translates as the "Hundred Horse Chestnut".
Ulleungdo Hyangnamu 2,000–3,000 Chinese juniper
Juniperus chinensis		 Ulleung-gun, Gyeongbuk South Korea Girth of 4.5 m. One of the main branch was broken in 1985 by typhoon "Brenda".
Lady Liberty 2,000 Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Longwood, Florida United States Sometimes called the "Companion Tree" to 'Senator".
Tnjri 2,000 Oriental plane
Platanus orientalis		 Martuni Region Artsakh (de facto) / Azerbaijan (de jure) Oldest tree in de facto Republic of Artsakh, de jure a part of Azerbaijan. Its trunk is hollow. Also known as "Sose's Tree".
Stara Maslina 2,000 Olive
Olea europaea		 Stari Bar, Bar Montenegro
The Pechanga Great Oak Tree 2,000 Coast live oak
Quercus agrifolia		 Temecula, California United States Oldest oak tree in the United States, possibly in the world.
Tejo Milenario 2,000+ Yew
Taxus baccata		 Cazorla, Jaén Spain Oldest tree in Spain.[۵۴]
? 2,000 Olive
Olea europaea		 Exo Hora, Zakynthos Greece [۵۵]
? 2,000 Yew
Taxus		 Sochi, Krasnodar Krai Russia A grove known to possess several 2,000-year-old specimens.[۵۶]
Houkisugi at Nakagawa 2,000 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		 Nakagawa Settlement, Yamakita, Kanagawa Japan
Methuselah 1,800 Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens		 Woodside, California United States [۵۷]
Araucaria Madre 1,800 Araucaria araucana Araucanía Chile Located in Parque Nacional Conguillío. 1,800 rings account for at least 1,800 years.[۵۸]
Granit oak 1,700 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		 Granit Bulgaria
Kongeegen 1,500–2,000 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		 Jægerspris Nordskov, Zealand Denmark [۵۹]
Stelmužė Oak 1,500–2,000 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		 Stelmužė, Zarasai Lithuania Oldest tree in the Baltic states. Supposedly oldest oak in Europe.
Vilémovice Yew 1,500–2,000 Common yew
Taxus baccata		 Vilémovice Czech Republic ۳۴۵ سانتیمتر (۱۳۶ اینچ) in circumference.[۶۰]
Aubépines 1,500 Common hawthorn
Crataegus monogyna		 Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, Mayenne France Oldest tree in France.[۶۱]
Jardine Juniper 1,500 Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum		 Logan Canyon, Utah United States [۶۲]
Árbol del Tule 1,433–1,600 Montezuma cypress
Taxodium mucronatum		 Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca Mexico Stoutest tree trunk in the world. Its name translates as the "Tule Tree".
Baikushev's pine 1,300 white fir
Pinus heldreichii		 Pirin Mountains Bulgaria Oldest known coniferous tree in Bulgaria. It is named after its discoverer, forest ranger Kostadin Baikushev.
Te Matua Ngahere 1,200–4,000 Kauri
Agathis australis		 Waipoua Forest, Northland New Zealand Oldest tree in New Zealand. Its name translates as "Father of the Forest".
Algarrobo Abuelo 1,200+ Algarrobo
Prosopis chilensis		 Villa de Merlo, San Luis Province Argentina Possibly oldest algarrobo in Argentina.[نیازمند منبع]

درخت‌های کلونی

[ویرایش]

مانند همه گیاهان و قارچ‌های طولانی مدت، هیچ بخش جدا از پرگَنهٔ تاگی زنده نیست (به معنای متابولیسم فعال) بیش از کسری بسیار کمی از زندگی کل کلون. برخی از پرگنه‌ها ممکن است کاملاً از طریق سیستم‌های ریشه ای خود متصل شوند، در حالی که بیشتر آنها به هم پیوسته نیستند، اما کلون‌های ژنتیکی یکسان هستند که از طریق تولید مثل رویشی ، منطقه را جمع می کنند. تخمین‌ها برای پرگنه‌های تاگی، اغلب براساس نرخ رشد فعلی است. [نیازمند منبع]

! style="width:10%;" | نام ! style="width:10%;" | سن (بر حسب سال) ! style="width:20%;" | گونه‌ها ! style="width:10%;" | مکان ! style="width:10%;" | کشور ! style="width:40%;" | توضیح

Name Age
(years)		 Species Location Country Notes
Antarctic Beech less than 70 million years[۶۳] Antarctic beech
Nothofagus moorei 		Repeater Station Road, Springbrook National Park, Queensland Australia Three individuals approximately 2000 years old are the parent trees to others in the surrounding forest; they grow clones by coppicing new shoots radially, forming a ring at the base of the parent tree trunk.[۶۴]
Wollemi Pines 60+ million years Wollemi pine
Wollemia nobilis 		Wollemi National Park, New South Wales Australia According to Cris Brack and Matthew Brookhouse at the ANU Fenner School of Environment & Society: "Once you accept that a common, genetically identical stock can define a tree, then the absolute “winner” for oldest tree (or the oldest clonal material belonging to a tree) [in Australia] must go to the Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis). It may be more than 60 million years old. The Wollemi pine clones itself, forming exact genetic copies. It was thought to be extinct until a tiny remnant population was discovered in Wollemi National Park in 1994... There is also substantial evidence that the tree has been cloning itself and its unique genes ever since it disappeared from the fossil record more than 60 million years ago."[۶۵]
Unknown 43,600–130,000 King's lomatia
Lomatia tasmanica		 Southwest National Park, Tasmania Australia Lomatia tasmanica is an endangered species with only one population, consisting of several hundred genetically identical individuals. Although it flowers occasionally, fruit production has never been observed, and it propagates vegetatively. Fossilized leaves are dated as at least 43,600 years old, found in sediments with a maximum age of 130,000.[۶۶]
Pando less than 14,000[۶۷]–80,000[۶۸] Quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides		 Fishlake National Forest, Utah United States Covers ۱۰۷ جریب فرنگی (۰٫۴۳ کیلومتر مربع) and has around 47,000 stems (aged up to 130 years), which continually die and are renewed by its roots. Is also the heaviest-known organism, weighing 6,000 tonnes.
Jurupa Oak[۶۹] 13,000[۷۰] Palmer oak
Quercus palmeri		 Jurupa Mountains, California United States Quercus palmeri Engelm. = Quercus dunnii Kellogg.[۷۰]
Old Tjikko 9,550 Norway spruce
Picea abies		 Fulufjället National Park, Dalarna Sweden The tree's stems live no more than 600 years, but its root system's age[۷۱][۷۲] was established using carbon dating and genetic matching.[۷۳] Elsewhere in the Fulu mountains, 20 spruces have been found older than 8,000 years.[۷۴]
Old Rasmus 9,500 Norway spruce
Picea abies		 Sonfjället, Härjedalen Sweden [۷۵]
Mongarlowe mallee 3,000–13,000 Mongarlowe mallee
Eucalyptus recurva		 Mongarlowe, New South Wales Australia Alive. A critically endangered species, known only from 6 wild individuals, first described in the 1980s. Based on the size and growth rate of its lignotuber, the largest single specimen is estimated to be 3,000 years old. However, it is possible that two other specimens are actually the result of a split in the original rootstock, and based on their spread of 26m would be estimated at 13,000 years old, potentially the oldest single tree on earth.[۷۶]
unknown 3,000[۷۷]–10,000[۷۸] Huon pine
Lagarostrobos franklinii		 Mount Read, Tasmania Australia Several genetically identical males that have reproduced vegetatively. Although single trees in this stand may be around 3 to 4 thousand years old, the stand itself as a single organism has existed for 10,000 years.[۵]

یادداشت

[ویرایش]
  1. ↑ It is uncertain when Methuselah's age was determined, but "it seems likely the tree had 4,789 rings (crossdated) in the summer of 1957".[۷] The age given here is based on this reference point.
  2. ↑ Not named yet

منابع

[ویرایش]
  1. ↑ Grant, Michael C. (1 October 1993). "The Trembling Giant". Discover Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
  2. ↑ "Botanical Record-Breakers". W.P Armstrong. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
  3. ↑ "Quaking Aspen". سازمان پارک‌های ملی - پارک ملی برایس کنیون. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
  4. ↑ "SPECIES: Populus tremuloides". وزارت کشاورزی ایالات متحده آمریکا - سازمان جنگل‌داری ایالات متحده آمریکا. Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
  5. ↑ ۵٫۰ ۵٫۱ "Native Conifers of Tasmania". Paks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania. Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
  6. ↑ Salzer, Matthew; Baisan, Christopher (May 13–17, 2013). Dendrochronology of the "Currey Tree". Second American Dendrochronology Conference. University of Arizona, Tucson.
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