اهل ذمه

ذَمّی یا اهل ذمه یا معاهد لفظی تاریخی^[۱] برای کافرانی است که در یک حکومت اسلامی با حفاظت قانونی زندگی می‌کنند.^[۱]^[۲]^: ۴۷۰ معنای لفظی این واژه «فرد مورد حفاظت» است،^[۳] و الزام حکومت اسلامی بر اساس احکام اسلام برای حفاظت از جان، مال، و نیز آزادی دینی فرد در ازای وفاداری او به حکومت و پرداخت مالیات جزیه , به جای زکات, یا صدقه اجباری که تبعه‌های مسلمان می‌پردازند اشاره دارد.^[۴] اهل ذمه در صورت پرداخت جزیه از برخی وظایفی که به‌طور ویژه به مسلمانان تخصیص داده شده بود معاف بودند، ولی جز آن در برابر قوانین مالکیت، قرارداد و اجبارها برابر بودند.^[۵]^[۶]^[۷] بعدها در زمان عمر خطاب طبق اجتهاد، پیروان همهٔ ادیان از جمله هندوها و غیره از اهل ذمه به حساب آمدند.

ذمّه

ذمّه از ماده «ذَمَمَ» به معنی عهد، کفالت، امان، حرمت، حق و ضمان می‌باشد.^[۸]

در اصطلاح، اهل ذمه به غیرمسلمانان اهل کتاب (یهودیان، مسیحیان، زرتشتیان و صابئین) می‌گویند که با مسلمانان عهد و پیمان بسته‌اند تا در کشور اسلامی و در پناه دولت اسلام در امان باشند و از میان سه گزینه «پذیرش اسلام، جنگ یا التزام به شرایط ذمه» راه سوم را انتخاب کرده، شرایطی را که دولت اسلامی برای آنها تعیین می‌کند، می‌پذیرند.^[۹]

منابع

↑ ^۱٫۰ ^۱٫۱ Juan Eduardo Campo, ed. (2010). "dhimmi". دانشنامه اسلام. Infobase Publishing. pp. 194–195. ISBN 978-1-4381-2696-8. Dhimmis are non-Muslims who live within Islamdom and have a regulated and protected status. … In the modern period, this term has generally has occasionally been resuscitated, but it is generally obsolete.
↑ Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (2016). The Laws of Islam (PDF) (به انگلیسی). Enlight Press. ISBN 978-0-9942409-8-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
↑ "Definition of DHIMMI". www.merriam-webster.com.
↑ Glenn, H. Patrick (2007). Legal Traditions of the World. انتشارات دانشگاه آکسفورد. pp. 218–219. A Dhimmi is a non-Muslim subject of a state governed in accordance to sharia law. The term connotes an obligation of the state to protect the individual, including the individual's life, property, and freedom of religion and worship, and required loyalty to the empire, and a poll tax known as the jizya, which complemented the Islamic tax paid by the Muslim subjects, called Zakat.
↑ H. Patrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World. انتشارات دانشگاه آکسفورد، 2007, p. 219.
↑ The French scholar Gustave Le Bon (the author of La civilisation des Arabes) writes "that despite the fact that the incidence of taxation fell more heavily on a Muslim than a non-Muslim, the non-Muslim was free to enjoy equally well with every Muslim all the privileges afforded to the citizens of the state. The only privilege that was reserved for the Muslims was the seat of the caliphate, and this, because of certain religious functions attached to it, which could not naturally be discharged by a non-Muslim." Mun'im Sirry (2014), Scriptural Polemics: The Qur'an and Other Religions, p. 179. انتشارات دانشگاه آکسفورد. شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰۱۹۹۳۵۹۳۶۳.
↑ Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2007). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. HarperOne. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-06-118903-6. According to the dhimma status system, non-Muslims must pay a poll tax in return for Muslim protection and the privilege of living in Muslim territory. Per this system, non-Muslims are exempt from military service, but they are excluded from occupying high positions that involve dealing with high state interests, like being the president or prime minister of the country. In Islamic history, non-Muslims did occupy high positions, especially in matters that related to fiscal policies or tax collection.
↑ : لسان العرب، ج ۱۲، ص ۲۲۱[۱]
↑ [۲] دویچه وله فارسی

عبدالحسین، زرین‌کوب، دو قرن سکوت، چاپ بیست و سوم. تهران: انتشارات سخن، ۱۳۸۹. شابک ۶-۳۳-۵۹۸۳-۹۶۴-۹۷۸

این یک مقالهٔ خرد اسلام است. می‌توانید با گسترش آن به ویکی‌پدیا کمک کنید.

[Campo-1] ۱٫۰ ^۱٫۱ Juan Eduardo Campo, ed. (2010). "dhimmi". دانشنامه اسلام. Infobase Publishing. pp. 194–195. ISBN 978-1-4381-2696-8. Dhimmis are non-Muslims who live within Islamdom and have a regulated and protected status. … In the modern period, this term has generally has occasionally been resuscitated, but it is generally obsolete.

[Modarresi-2] Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (2016). The Laws of Islam (PDF) (به انگلیسی). Enlight Press. ISBN 978-0-9942409-8-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2017.

[3] "Definition of DHIMMI". www.merriam-webster.com.

[4] Glenn, H. Patrick (2007). Legal Traditions of the World. انتشارات دانشگاه آکسفورد. pp. 218–219. A Dhimmi is a non-Muslim subject of a state governed in accordance to sharia law. The term connotes an obligation of the state to protect the individual, including the individual's life, property, and freedom of religion and worship, and required loyalty to the empire, and a poll tax known as the jizya, which complemented the Islamic tax paid by the Muslim subjects, called Zakat.

[5] H. Patrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World. انتشارات دانشگاه آکسفورد، 2007, p. 219.

[6] The French scholar Gustave Le Bon (the author of La civilisation des Arabes) writes "that despite the fact that the incidence of taxation fell more heavily on a Muslim than a non-Muslim, the non-Muslim was free to enjoy equally well with every Muslim all the privileges afforded to the citizens of the state. The only privilege that was reserved for the Muslims was the seat of the caliphate, and this, because of certain religious functions attached to it, which could not naturally be discharged by a non-Muslim." Mun'im Sirry (2014), Scriptural Polemics: The Qur'an and Other Religions, p. 179. انتشارات دانشگاه آکسفورد. شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰۱۹۹۳۵۹۳۶۳.

[7] Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2007). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. HarperOne. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-06-118903-6. According to the dhimma status system, non-Muslims must pay a poll tax in return for Muslim protection and the privilege of living in Muslim territory. Per this system, non-Muslims are exempt from military service, but they are excluded from occupying high positions that involve dealing with high state interests, like being the president or prime minister of the country. In Islamic history, non-Muslims did occupy high positions, especially in matters that related to fiscal policies or tax collection.

[8] : لسان العرب، ج ۱۲، ص ۲۲۱[۱]

[9] [۲] دویچه وله فارسی

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